The Importance of Teaching Culture with the Language Research Paper

The Importance of Teaching Culture with the Language - Research Paper Example The main point of the paper is that effective communication does not deal only with language proficiency and that in enhancing and enriching communicative competence, cultural aspects can also lead and contribute to the respect toward different cultures around the globe. Introduction Several components comprise the learning of foreign language such as grammatical competence, communicative competence, language proficiency, and considerations of attitudes with regard to one’s culture. Scholarly, knowledge about customs, beliefs, and culture of other countries are indisputably considered as an integral part of foreign language learning, and teachers who are teaching language have seen the importance of including the teaching of culture into the foreign language curriculum. Foreign language learning is also considered foreign culture learning and thus, culture has been taught in the foreign language classroom. However, debates arises on the issue of what the culture meant and how can it be integrated into the language learning and teaching. In language learning, culture is not a separate subject to learn along with the studies and learning about speaking, listening, reading, and writing but rather it is always in the background and considers as the secondary factor in learning the language skills. This paper has also the aim to disentangle issues, shedding some light about the role of teaching culture, as well development and understanding the importance why this has to be incorporated in language teaching. Furthermore, communications are requiring understanding and to be able to come up with understanding, it requires being in the shoes of foreign culture. What is culture and why should it be taught? It is important to scrutinize the relationship between language and culture and why is it important to study the culture along with the studies of language as an integral part of the English language curriculum. Language is considered as a social institution, p laying an important role in the society, it is influential between and among the people at large. It must be understood among the people of any nation that language is a cultural practice, aside from the fact that it is considered as a part of the culture itself. Nevertheless, if language is considered as a a cultural practice and a part of the culture it self, undeniably, it is relevant to say that it would just be proper to study culture in relation to language. Language never claims to be independent construct but it is considered as a social practice brought about by the society structures and forces of social institutions where in we lived in. Language and culture interpenetrate, which means that language cannot exist alone like in a vacuum because there is a big connection between the two (Webster, J. 2008). The existence of language cannot be separated from culture, it is passed and inherited from the past practices and beliefs and determines the quality and consistencies of the lives of the people. It is considered as an explanation to the cultural past of certain society and a guide to social reality (Salzman, P. 1998). The interdependence of language and culture is well manifested in the daily lives. Children speak and master their mother tongue through making and using hypothesis under the circumstances where it can be used, and by learning probabilities. Children, during the process of

Basketball Case Essay Example for Free

Basketball Case Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basketball, a game that was born in nineteenth century with the purpose to provide an â€Å"athletic distraction† to the students at the School for Christian Workers in Springfield, soon became a successful sport. More than 300 million people play basketball worldwide. The History of Basketball Invention and Rules   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basketball was invented by Dr. James Naismith, physical educator at YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.   He has four degrees in the diverse fields of Philosophy, Religion, Physical Education and Medicine. Naismith’s investigations in sports physiology and sports science helped him to create really successful game.    The concept of basketball was borrowed from the simple child’s game â€Å"duck-on-a-rock†, which involved attempting to knock a duck off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it. â€Å"James Naismith needed a game that could be played indoors in a relatively small space. The first game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets used as goals†. [1]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   James Naismith devised a set of thirteen rules of basketball, through which you can look in enclosure 1 of this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1959, James Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame (called the Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame.) Evolution of the game   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since invention basketball was greatly changed: Equipment. The early baskets were with the bottom and someone had to retrieve the ball. Later they were transformed into the metal rim with a net hanging below, and in 1906 people began opening the netting to let the ball fall through. The first basketballs were made from panels of leather stitched together with a rubber bladder inside. The molded basketball was introduced in 1942. Rules. Beginning in 1910 a player could dribble the ball, but could not shoot after dribbling. In basketballs early days, a players second foul would mean removal from the game until the next field goal was made. If a team committed three consecutive fouls, the opposition would be awarded a field goal. Beginnings in 1894 players were given a free throw when fouled. Beginning in 1908 players who committed five fouls were disqualified from the game. Based on the severity of the foul, the rules were soon amended so that players were awarded either two shots or one shot plus a bonus shot, which was attempted only if the first shot was made. The rules also determined that an offensive player could commit a foul by playing too aggressively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1892 basketball was introduced to women by Senda Berenson Abbott. The rules of women’s basketball were modified (the court was divided into three equal sections, with players required to stay in an assigned area; players were prohibited from snatching or batting the ball from the hands of another player; and players were prohibited from holding the ball for longer than three seconds and from dribbling the ball more than three times.)   Ã‚  Ã‚   In May 1901 several schools, including Yale and Harvard universities and Trinity, Holy Cross, Amherst, and Williams colleges, formed the New England Intercollegiate Basketball League.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1915 the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (AAU), the NCAA, and the YMCA formed a committee to standardize rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The first national collegiate tournament was held in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1937.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Professional basketball began in 1896 at a YMCA in Trenton, New Jersey. A dispute between members of the YMCA team and a YMCA official led to the players forming a professional team and playing for money. In 1898 a group of New Jersey newspaper sports editors founded the National Basketball League (NBL). The NBL consisted of six franchises from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Stars of this league included Ed Wachter, who played in about 1,800 professional games, and Barney Sedran, who played on 10 championship teams in 15 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first successful national professional league was the American Basketball League (ABL), which lasted from 1925 to 1931.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1926 a national tournament for women’s teams was formed. Notable players from this era of womens basketball include Babe Didrikson, Alline Banks Sprouse, and Nera White, who was one of the first two female players elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1938 the three-court game was changed to a two-court game, with six players on a team.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the mid 1930s another National Basketball League (NBL) was founded and 1946 in a year of foundation of Basketball Association of America (BAA). Later four strongest teams in the NBL joined the BAA. Then the NBLs six teams also joined the BAA, forming a three-division league that was renamed the National Basketball Association (NBA).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan and coached by John Kundla, won five NBA championship titles (1949, 1950, 1952-1954). In the 1950s guard Bob Cousy and forward Bob Pettit had the greatest individual impact on professional basketball.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For two decades after its founding, the NBA was the only major professional basketball league. But in 1967 the American Basketball Association (ABA) was formed. In the late 1970s, the NBA experienced a crisis of popularity but in March 1979 the public interest had revived.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 1960s some rules in women’s basketball had changed: unlimited dribbling became legal, five-player team and full-court game became official.   Ã‚   The law called Title IX (1970s) prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender in educational institutions receiving federal aid, meaning that womens athletic programs had to be treated as equal to mens programs. In 1978 the AIAW championship was televised, and the same year a professional league called the Womens Basketball League (WBL) was founded.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Beginning in the late 1980s basketball became so popular that students began leave schools and colleges before graduation and go to NBA to play for large sums of money. So in 1995 the league enacted a limit on the amount of money a rookie could earn.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Following the 1997-98 season NBA owners and players could not agree on rules regarding a salary cap and several other issues, and the NBA owners instituted a player lockout. The dispute cancelled all league play until an agreement was reached in January 1999, resulting in a strike-shortened, 50-game season followed by a regular playoff schedule and championship series. NBA Legends 1950s and 1960s –     Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain 1980s – Larry Bird, Magic Johnson 1990s – John Stockton, Karl Malone, Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen.    Records of NBA Highest score. 370 when â€Å"Detroit Pistons† defeated â€Å"Denver Nuggets† 13 December 1983. The largest number of victories per season. 72 times per season (1995-1996) won â€Å"Chicago Bulls.† The largest number of games. Robert Perish played 1611 matches during 21 seasons. The youngest player.   Germen O’Neal was in the age of 18 years and 53 days when debuted in NBA. The oldest player.   Robert Perish from â€Å"Chicago Bulls† played in the age of 43 years 231 days. The highest player  Ã‚   George Maureshan   from â€Å"Washington Wizards† has a height 2.31 meter. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚   During more then hundred years basketball had greatly developed and changed, experienced a lot of difficulties, but it is still one of the most popular games in the world. Of course basketball as any other sport has a lot of problems today (e.g. U.S. team does not have a national program for international competition, devalues the World Championships and does not develop fundamentals), but it has a large potential and great future.       The Bibliography Laughead, George. â€Å"History of Basketball†. Kansas Heritage Group. 2004. University of Kansas. 15 Sep. 2005. http: //www.ku.edu/heritage/graphics.people/maismith.html Bellis, Mary. â€Å"Basketball – James Naismith (1861 1939)†. 15 Sep. 2005. http://www.inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbasketball.htm                                  Enclosure 1.   Naismith’s rules of basketball: The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed. The ball must be held in or between the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it. No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described in Rule 5. If either side make three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul). Goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the ground into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponents move the basket, it shall count as a goal. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them. The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according to Rule 5. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and decide when it is in play in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee. The time shall be two 15-minute halves with five minutes rest between. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winners.† [1]

Female Genitalia Mutilation Essay -- essays papers

Female Genitalia Mutilation Picture this, a young innocent girl, between the age of eight and twelve, running around, playing, and having a good time. Then she is snatched away to a foul hut, whose floor is nothing but dirt. Once in the hut, the helpless girl is stripped of all her clothing and pinned to the dirt floor. Her tiny legs are spread and held wide apart with a tight grasp. Soon afterward, a midwife, with no education in human anatomy or medicine, enters the hut and says a prayer. While the young girl is held down in this most vulnerable position the midwife takes a handful of sand and rubs it all over the girl’s genitals (Walker 106). With no anesthetics and a jagged rock, that merely has a sharpened edge, the midwife begins to cut on the most tender area of the young girl (Rushwan). The midwife cuts away the clitoris and the tissue at the entrance of the vagina. When the midwife is finished cutting and perfecting her excision, she takes a thorn bush needle and sews from the head of the cli toris all the way down to the vaginal opening with the exception of one small place where a sliver of wood is placed. The wood is put into place so that when the scar tissue forms a minute opening is left for urine and menstrual flow to escape. After the raw edges have been sewn up a mixture of butter and herbs is placed over the wound. This is done to cease the blood that is now gushing out of this helpless young girl (Female Genital Mutilation). The above is only a brief description of a type of mutilation that millions of girls encounter every year in Africa. What is it that would cause parents to inflect such pain on their little girls? Female genitalia mutilation consists of four principal types. One type of FGM is ver... ...t) Walker, Alice, and Pratibha, Parmer. Warrior Marks. New York: Harcourt Brace &Company,1993. Works Consulted â€Å"Banjul Declaration on Violence Against Women.† Women’s International Network News 24.4 (1998): 27. (Ebsco Host) â€Å"Mali: Centre Djoliba.† Women’s International Network News 24.4 (1998): 32. (Ebsco Host) â€Å"Nigeria: Strategies and Tactics for Prevention and Eradication of Female Genital Mutilation.† Women’s International Network News 24.4 (1998): 30 – 31. (Ebsco Host) Hecht, David. â€Å"Standing Up to Ancient Custom.† Christian Science Monitor 90.131 (1998): 131. (Ebsco Host) Saran, Ama R. â€Å"Turning Up the Volume on Our Sister’s Voices.† Essence 28.12 (1998) : 172 – 173. (Ebso Host) â€Å"Symposium for Religious Leaders and Medical Personnel.† Women’s International Network News 24.4 (1998): 27. (Ebso Host)

Performance Management Systems

Performance Management System Sparrow and Hiltrop (1994) suggest that â€Å"performance management is essentially a strategic management technique that links business objectives and strategies to individual goals, actions, performance appraisal and rewards through a defined process. † They also believe that â€Å"the most important feature of an effective performance management system is its ability to be seen as a method of continuously securing improvement’s in the performance of teams and individuals against pre-defined business strategies and objectives. From reading through the quotes of Sparrow and Hiltrop I understand performance management to be a system which identifies the strengths and weaknesses of individuals or teams of employees. From then speaking to the employees in a formal manner, in which you are praising them for their achievements throughout the year i. e. promotion, raise or a company car, but also explaining to them where they could improve them selves to be motivated in following the objectives and strategic plans of the company.Job performance within management performance reveals several terms that are often used interchangeably, such as performance appraisal, performance assessment, performance evaluation and job appraisal. However, in general terms, they are regularly all concerned with measuring an individual’s performance in a given job against preset work standards and involve designing a formal system to facilitate observation, monitoring, analysis, feedback and target setting. Since of late I have had my own performance appraisal done in my part time job in a large fast food restaurant I will be constructing my essay around performance appraisal.In my essay I will be looking at how performance appraisals help improve motivation within the work force, I will explain how the system operates currently, provide evidence that base criticism of the system, and suggest practical and implementable improvements. His tory Its roots started in the early 20th century; it can be linked to Taylor’s scientific management theory. Taylor thought that workers should be paid and rewarded by meeting specific work targets. If the workers met these targets, he would then pay his workers fairly for the tasks and goals met.He would also give regular feedback to his workers. This point ties in with performance appraisal, by Taylor rewarding and giving feedback to his workers he was demonstrating how if workers did well they would be rewarded for their efforts. Also by giving his workers feedback he was showing how the task could be better or to the correct standard. Taylor also believed that workers should be trained and developed, which is also relevant to today’s role of performance appraisal. However Taylor assumed the way of thinking like an autocratic manager, where he thought workers where only motivated by money.But as performance appraisal has expanded and grown with time, it has seen tha t workers are not just motivated by money. Performance appraisals started out as being a simple method of income justification. Appraisals were used to decide whether or not the salary or wage of an individual employee was justified. If the employee’s performance was found to be unsatisfactory then the employees’ wages would be cut. However, on the other hand if the employees work was found to exceed the manager’s expectations, then the employee would find him/herself with a pay rise.Very little consideration was given to developing the employees’ skills and talents in the work place. It was seen that a cut or rise in pay was good enough for the employee to work harder or keep working hard. More often or not this system failed. Motivational research showed that workers with evenly the same work abilities could be paid the same but one individual’s motivational principles could be completely different to someone else’s. Pay rates are importan t to workers but it is not the only characteristic that influences an employee’s performance.By the research discovered once employee’s where financially safe workers would then look for morale and self-esteem to motivate them. I associate this research finding with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Once a worker knows that they are physiologically safe, they then start to move up the pyramid, they would realize that money does not influence them to be motivated to work hard at work anymore. Instead they will look to be socially accepted in the company and that their hard work is valued and recognized within the company.When a worker has been with a company after a length of time and has been rewarded with rises in pay, they will then look to getting promotions and move higher up in the company. Present Appraisals Once managers recognized that workers were not motivated by money anymore, they realized things had to change. So in today’s working environment, th ere can be five key steps to setting up a performance appraisal. * Develop an appraisal form. * Identify performance measures. * Set guidelines for feedback. Create disciplinary and termination procedures. * Set an appraisal schedule. Developing an appraisal form Appraisals should be done justly, consistently and accurately to protect the employees’ interests and to protect your company from legal liability. A way to ensure consistency is to use a standard appraisals form for each worker. The form used should focus only on the essential job performance areas. This makes the appraisal more meaningful and relevant and allows the appraiser and the appraised address the issues that matter most.The job performance areas that should be included on the performance appraisal form are job knowledge and skill, quantity of work, quality of work, work habits and attitude to others and communication skills. In each area, the appraiser should have a range of descriptors to choose from i. e . very bad, bad, good, very good and excellent. Depending on how specific the descriptors are, it is often important that the appraiser also have extra space included on the form to provide their thoughts behind his or her rating. Identifying performance measuresIdentifying and developing performance measures can be one of the more time-consuming parts of creating a performance appraisal system however; it is one of the most powerful. Standard performance measures objectively measures some of the more subjective job performance areas, such as work habits. The appraiser can establish an objective measure for attendance by defining the acceptable number of times an employee can be late for work or absent during a certain time frame. Standard performance measures don’t always work for other subjective areas, such as attitude.In these cases, it’s still important to be as objective as possible in your appraisal. Don’t attempt to describe attitude, instead, describe t he employee’s behavior, which is what expresses the attitude, and the consequences of that behavior for the practice. For example this employee has failed to support his/her co-workers. When another member of his/her department is absent, he/she refuses to take on the additional tasks required to process patients in a timely manner. This behavior causes patient backlog, places a burden on staff and compromises effective teamwork.Managers should work with their employees in each position to gather quantitative data, examine historical patterns of volume and determine qualitative measurements that reflect the company’s mission and goals. Setting guidelines for feedback Feedback is what performance appraisals are all about. So before human resource management, implement the performance appraisal system, make sure that all the managers that will be conducting appraisals knows what kind of feedback to give, how to give it and how to get it from the employee in return.Many m anagers make the common error of glossing over an employee’s deficiencies and focusing only on his/her strengths. It is by explaining their weaknesses that employees can take ownership of their performance and role in the practice. And when given the support they need to make improvements in these areas, employees learn to take pride in their work and are willing to take on new tasks with confidence. After the appraiser has discussed the results of the appraisal with the employee, the appraiser should encourage the employee to give some constructive feedback.They should ask the employee whether he/ she agree with their assessment, and/or invite suggestions for improvement. In my appraisal, I was told that I was doing a good job but also where I could improve. The company is also thinking of sending me on a one day course to gain some more skills, for me to improve in my job. Creating a disciplinary and termination procedures In some cases, even after a thorough performance ap praisal and a discussion of expected improvements, an employee will continue to perform poorly.Human resources need to be prepared to handle such a situation by having well-defined, written disciplinary and termination procedures in place. These procedures should outline the actions that will be taken when performance worsens. In most cases companies will firstly proceed with a verbal warning. If the employee still performs badly a written warning is then issued. If there is no improvement or a recurrence, then termination is the situation if not ultimately resolved. Setting an appraisal scheduleOnce human resource management has built their performance appraisal system – the appraisal form, the performance measures, the feedback guidelines and the disciplinary procedures – they just need to decide when to conduct the performance appraisals. Some practices do all employee appraisals at the same time of year, while others conduct them within 30 days of each employeeâ₠¬â„¢s anniversary of employment. In my opinion the latter may work better since it spreads the work of the appraisals out for employer and employee. Whichever way they decide to schedule the appraisals, they must ensure that each appraiser consistently meets the deadline.Ignoring employees’ overdue appraisal will make them feel devalued and may hurt morale and performance. For me my performance appraisal was a week after my anniversary of starting in the restaurant. This is the easiest way for this company as so many people work there. From my own experience my appraisal was not a formal event. I was told when I came into work that my manager wanted to see me, which made me feel anxious and worried. It was informal and very relaxed. In this instance I would criticize the way the appraisal was held.In researching for this topic performance appraisals should be formal and official. Since I was offered the chance to go one the course, it made me very confident that I was doing a good job. It motivated me to work harder for the company. From working a year in the company people will notice who is doing a good job and who maybe not, especially when the boss is gone. My suggestion would be that employee’s confidentially review their co-workers using the appraisal forms. However this will only work is people are not too nasty and use this against their co-worker. .

Mother’s love Essay

No language can express the power and beauty and heroism of a mother’s love. Who we are today. and who we’ll be tomorrow will be formed not by ourselves, as we would like to think, but by the people around us, namely our friends and family. Possibly the biggest influence is our mother. As a child, she taught us everything from feeding and clothing our self; Judging situations and reacting; tying our shoes; being polite and being respectful to adults. Without my mother, I know I would be lost. To me, my mother is my security blanket. No matter how bad of a day she had, he will always be there with a shoulder to cry on and a sympathetic ear for me. Even If she’s been screamed at all day by my siblings, she will still be eager to hear me squeal over my drama-filled teenage gossip. My mother could probably run a gossip column in the weekly paper on all the gossip and trivial news she hears from me and my friends, whether it be about me, my friends, or that cute boy in my fourth-period class who smiled at me. My mom is my personal miracle. Whenever something becomes too much for me, she Is there calming me down with Just a hug, or revenung me from hyperventilating by flndlng my snowboard in the open†¦ ln the first place I checked†¦ twice. She puts up with my mood swings, my constant chatter, and my continuous requests, and still manages to run a household beautifully. And she does this all with a smile†even when no one says thank you. Mother’s Day Is not a day where every woman who has given birth should be treated special. It Is a day where every mother figure†nanny, caretaker, nurturer, grandmother, aunt, or even older cousin are recognized for the wonderful job they do in influencing us to ecome who we are today. Mothers teach us how to love, cherish, and respect who we are, and what It takes for us to become the adults we will one day be. My mother is a wonderful influence, and I can truly think of only one fault that she, and every other mother out there has: She loves me too much. She loves me so much that I sometimes resent her for not letting me make my own stupid decisions. I’m afraid that one day I will end up screaming at her to leave me alone. I know almost every teenage boy does. And I know almost every teenage boy will feel guilty afterwards, ut not know how to apologize. Well, take this chance to let your mom know that you truly are grateful for her wanting to be in your life, even if you don’t always show it. This Mother’s Day, do something special for your mom, even If it’s as small as making her breakfast in bed or cleaning your room without being asked. The gesture will be appreciated, and it will show your mom that no matter how obnoxious you can be, you will always love your Mommy and all she does for you. When you knew how to speak, what was your first word? It Is Mom. We have grown up in the arms of our mothers. e have grown up In the great love of our mothers. No one loves us Ilke our mothers; no one is willing to sacrifice everything for us like our mothers. If someone asks you â€Å"Who is the best woman in your life? † I bet you will say it is your mother. And If someone asks me Ilke that, my answer also Is my mother. With me, my mother Is the best woman in the world. No one can replace her In my heart. I admire my mother, I don’t know why she is always busy with daily chores, taking care of my family but she never say she is tired. Every day, she is the first person in my family, I OF3 oes to work, I and my siblings go to school, my mother stays home and does all the daily chores after that she does take care of home business. When my father, I and my siblings come home, there is always a delicious dinner, which is waiting for us. After the dinner, my mom washes the dishes. Sometimes, I ask her to help, but she says: â€Å"It is fine; you should go upstairs and do your homework†. Mom always wake up very early, and Mom is the last person can take a break after a busy day. I realize that without my Mom, my father, I and my siblings cannot have the clean house, the elicious meal and the clothes which always iron straight. Mom gives me and my father all her love. She loves us more than herself. Her love for us is great like the ocean, the universe and nothing can replace it. She is not only my mom; she is also my friends, my big sister, who I can share all my problems and stories in life with. When I am sad, happy or stressful, Mom is always by my side and comforts me. Sometimes, I get angry with my mom because she reminds me too much things, especially they are all things I know. Then, I realize that she Just wants me- her son to e good. Making my mother cry is the worst thing, but I did. I’m a boy, and playing games is the most favorite things to do of boys. I played games every day. Anytime, when I had free time, I played games, when I came home from school, I played games. I played until midnight; I played until I was tired and slept on my desk. My mother knew it and she always told me to stop playing and focus on studying. I said â€Å"yes† to make her feel please and then I continued to play. When you play games, you just focus on that, you forget to study, that were what happened to me. My mother idn’t know anything until my school had a parent’s conference. She was shocked when she saw my report. My grade was going down. She asked me why my grade went down, I was quiet and looked at her. It seemed like my mother knew the reason why. She was quiet, stared at me and sigh. Suddenly, I saw tears from her eyes, she cried. She told me many times that I should not play games too much, I needed to focus on studying, but I ignore her advice. When she cried, I felt so sorry and guilty. I wasnt brave enough to look at her. Then I came to her slowly, hugged her and said: â€Å"l was sorry, mom. I knew that I had made a big mistake. I felt so sorry. Mom, please forgive me. I promised that I wouldn’t do this again. I was so sorry. I made you cry. † And she hugged me tight, she whispered: â€Å"How couldn’t I forgive you? I was Just a little disappointed, but I knew, you would know how to fix your mistake, I love you. † I cried after she said that, Just a bit, but I did cry. Mom, you gave me everything but you never ask me to pay back. You are the best, the greatest woman in this world and in my heart. I love you forever. I am happy when I have you by my side to take care of e, to protect me and to give me your love. I am happy when I am your son. I told my mom that In the future. I would be a successful man in life and I can take care of myself and unlucky people. But in my mother’s eyes, I know that I am always her little son as I was. But God took her away from me; I don’t know why did God do that way? Perhaps there’s someone who will do my mom’s things for me! , I can’t stop my tears rolling down on my face when I am thinking about my mom, where are you now mom? , I know that there’s nowhere else except Heaven where my mom will be and be aiting for me coming over!. My promises to my mom are to take care myself, do care and always love my wife to-be (Ms. Hoang Anh) and live with full of responsibilities for my children, taking care of my future children is my mom’s wish and always live with meaningful life to them . 1 won’t be away because I’m a son of the greatest mom in the world so I want everybody to know that my mom’s son will be perfect reflection of my mom. Before you were conceived I wanted you, Before you were born I loved you, Before you were here an hour I would die for you, This is the miracle of Mother’s Love.

Hyphenation Rules for 35 Prefixes (and 1 Suffix)

Hyphenation Rules for 35 Prefixes (and 1 Suffix) Hyphenation Rules for 35 Prefixes (and 1 Suffix) Hyphenation Rules for 35 Prefixes (and 1 Suffix) By Mark Nichol There was a time when prefixes were routinely attached to root words with hyphens, but that time has, for the most part, passed. Now, hyphens are the exception, as detailed in the following list, which also provides simple definitions. ante (before): closed anti (against): closed except before a proper noun or a word starting with i bi (twice, two): closed bio (life): closed co (with): generally closed; exceptions include co-op and co-opt counter (opposite): closed cyber (computer): closed extra (beyond): closed except before a word starting with a hyper (above, beyond, excessively): closed infra (below, within): closed inter (between): closed intra (between, during, within): closed mega (large): closed except before a word starting with a meta (behind, beyond, changed, later): closed except before a word starting with a micro (small): closed mid (middle of): closed except with numbers, proper nouns, and terms of more than one word mini (short, small): closed multi (many): closed except before a word starting with i neo (new): closed except with select proper nouns; check dictionary (lowercase and hyphenate if attached to proper name and term is not in dictionary) non (not): closed except if attached to hyphenated phrase (use en dash instead of hyphen if attached to term of more than one word) over (above): closed post (after): closed except before a proper noun (use en dash instead of hyphen if attached to term of more than one word) pre (before): closed except before a proper noun (sometimes capitalized in a proper noun- check dictionary; use en dash instead of hyphen if attached to term of more than one word) pro (for): closed except in pro-life and before a proper noun proto (beginning, first): closed pseudo (false): closed except before a proper noun re (again, back): closed except to avoid confusion as in resign (quit) versus re-sign (sign again) semi (half of, partly, partially): closed except before a proper noun or a word starting with i sub (almost, beneath, below, less than): closed super (beyond, superior): closed supra (beyond): closed trans (across, beyond, through): closed ultra (beyond): closed un (not): closed except before a proper noun or a word starting with u under (below): closed fold (multiplied by): closed except with numerals or with spelled-out numbers that are hyphenated Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"50 Types of Propaganda50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

Operation Pastorius - World War II German Operation Pastorius

Operation Pastorius - World War II German Operation Pastorius Operation Pastorius Background: With the American entry into World War II in late 1941, German authorities began planning to land agents in the United States to collect intelligence and carry out attacks against industrial targets. Organization of these activities was delegated to the Abwehr, Germanys intelligence agency, which was headed by Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. Direct control of the American operations was given to William Kappe, a long-time Nazi who had lived in the United States for twelve years. Canaris named the American effort Operation Pastorius after Francis Pastorius who led the first German settlement in North America. Preparations: Utilizing the records of the Ausland Institute, a group that had facilitated the return of thousands of Germans from America in the years before the war, Kappe selected twelve men with blue-collar backgrounds, including two who were naturalized citizens, to begin training at the Abwehrs sabotage school near Brandenburg. Four men were quickly dropped from the program, while the remaining eight were divided into two teams under the leadership of George John Dasch and Edward Kerling. Commencing training in April 1942, they received their assignments the following month. Dasch was to lead Ernst Burger, Heinrich Heinck, and Richard Quirin in attacking the hydroelectric plants at Niagara Falls, a cryolite plant in Philadelphia, canal locks on the Ohio River, as well as Aluminum Company of America factories in New York, Illinois, and Tennessee. Kerlings team of Hermann Neubauer, Herbert Haupt, and Werner Thiel were designated to strike the water system in New York City, a railroad station in Newark, Horseshoe Bend near Altoona, PA, as well as canal locks at St. Louis and Cincinnati. The teams planned to rendezvous at Cincinnati on July 4, 1942. Operation Pastorius Landings: Issued explosives and American money, the two teams traveled to Brest, France for transport by U-boat to the United States. Embarking aboard U-584, Kerlings team departed on May 25 for Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, while Daschs team sailed for Long Island aboard U-202 the next day. Arriving first, Daschs team landed on the night of June 13. Coming ashore on a beach near Amagansett, NY, they wore German uniforms to avoid being shot as spies if captured during the landing. Reaching the beach, Daschs men began burying their explosives and other supplies. While his men were changing into civilian clothes, a patrolling Coast Guardsman, Seaman John Cullen, approached the party. Advancing to meet him, Dasch lied and told Cullen that his men were stranded fisherman from Southampton. When Dasch refused an offer to spend the night at the nearby Coast Guard Station, Cullen became suspicious. This was reinforced when one of Daschs men shouted something in German. Realizing that his cover was blown, Dasch attempted to bribe Cullen. Knowing he was outnumbered, Cullen took the money and fled back to the station. Alerting his commanding officer and turning in the money, Cullen and other raced back to the beach. While Daschs men had fled, they saw U-202 departing in the fog. A brief search that morning unearthed the German supplies which had been buried in the sand. The Coast Guard informed the FBI about the incident and Director J. Edgar Hoover imposed a news blackout and commenced a massive manhunt. Unfortunately, Daschs men had already reached New York City and easily evaded the FBIs efforts to locate them. On June 16, Kerlings team landed in Florida without incident and began moving to complete their mission. The Mission Betrayed: Reaching New York, Daschs team took rooms in a hotel and purchased additional civilian clothing. At this point Dasch, aware that Burger had spent seventeen months in a concentration camp, called his comrade for a private meeting. At this gathering, Dasch informed Burger that he disliked the Nazis and intended to betray the mission to the FBI. Before doing so, he wanted Burgers support and backing. Burger informed Dasch that he too had planned to sabotage the operation. Having come to an accord, they decided that Dasch would go to Washington while Burger would remain in New York to oversee Heinck and Quirin. Arriving in Washington, Dasch was initially dismissed by several offices as a crackpot. He was finally taken seriously when he dumped $84,000 of the missions money on the desk of Assistant Director D.M. Ladd. Immediately detained, he was interrogated and debriefed for thirteen hours while a team in New York moved to capture the rest of his team. Dasch cooperated with the authorities, but was unable to provide much information regarding the whereabouts of Kerlings team other than stating they were due to meet in Cincinnati on July 4. He was also able to provide the FBI with a list of German contacts in the United States which had been written in invisible ink on a handkerchief issued to him by the Abwehr. Utilizing this information, the FBI was able to track down Kerlings men and took them into custody. With the plot foiled, Dasch expected to receive a pardon but instead was treated the same as the others. As a result, he asked to be jailed with them so they would not know who betrayed the mission. Trial Execution: Fearful that a civilian court would be too lenient, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered that the eight would-be saboteurs be tried by a military tribunal, the first held since the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Placed before a seven-member commission, the Germans were accused of: Violating the law of warViolating Article 81 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of corresponding with or giving intelligence to the enemyViolating Article 82 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of spyingConspiracy to commit the offenses alleged in the first three charges Though their lawyers, including Lauson Stone and Kenneth Royall, attempted to have the case moved to a civilian court, their efforts were in vain. The trial moved forward in the Department of Justice Building in Washington that July. All eight were found guilty and sentenced to death. For their assistance in foiling the plot, Dasch and Burger had their sentences commuted by Roosevelt and were given 30 years and life in prison respectively. In 1948, President Harry Truman showed both men clemency and had them deported to the American Zone of occupied Germany. The remaining six were electrocuted at the District Jail in Washington on August 8, 1942. Selected Sources U-boat.net: Special OperationsHistoryNet: German Saboteurs Invade America in 1942FBI: George John Dasch the Nazi Saboteurs

Spanish Word Order in Forming Sentences

Spanish Word Order in Forming Sentences Compared with English, Spanish allows considerable latitude in the word order of sentences. Whereas in English, most simple sentences are formed in the pattern of subject, verb, then object, in Spanish any one of those sentence parts can come first. Word Order in Simple Spanish Statements As a general rule, it is almost never wrong to follow the common sentence structure of subject-verb-object (known to grammarians as SVO). Note,however, that in Spanish it also common for object pronouns to come before verbs or be attached to them if the verb is an infinitive or command. But while English allows variation primarily for questions and poetic effect, in Spanish ordinary statements can start with the subject, the verb or the object. In fact, starting a statement with the verb is very common. For example, all the following sentence constructions are possible as a translation of Diana wrote this novel: Diana escribià ³ esta novela. (Subject comes first.)Escribià ³ Diana esta novela. (Verb comes first.)Esta novela la escribià ³ Diana. (Object comes first. In this construction, an object pronoun is often added to help avoid ambiguity. This sentence order is far less common than the first two.) So do all those sentences mean the same thing? Yes and no. The difference is subtle (in fact, sometimes there is no substantive difference), but the choice of wording can be a matter of emphasis rather than something that might come across in a translation. In spoken English, such differences are often a matter of intonation (which also occurs in Spanish); in written English we sometimes use italics to indicate emphasis. In the first sentence, for example, the emphasis is on Diana: Diana wrote this novel. Perhaps the speaker is expressing surprise or pride about Dianas accomplishment. In the second sentence the emphasis is on the writing: Diana wrote this novel. (Perhaps a better example might be something like this: No pueden escribir los alumnos de su clase. The students in his class cant write.) In the final example, the emphasis is on what Diana wrote: Diana wrote this novel. Word Order in Simple Spanish Questions In Spanish questions, the subject almost always comes after the verb.  ¿Escribià ³ Diana esta novela? (Did Diana write this novel?)  ¿Quà © escribià ³ Diana? (What did Diana write?) Although it is possible in informal speech to phrase a question like a statement as can be done in English -  ¿Diana escribià ³ esta novela? Diana wrote this novel? - this is seldom done in writing. Omitting the Subject in Spanish Although in standard English the subject of a sentence can be omitted only in commands, in Spanish the subject can be omitted if it is understood from the context. See how the subject can be omitted in the second sentence here because the first subject provides the context. Diana es mi hija. Escribià ³ esta novela. (Diana is my daughter. She wrote this novel.) In other words, it is not necessary in the second sentence to provide ella, the word for she. Word Order in Sentences Including a Relative Clause A common word order that may seem unfamiliar to English speakers involves subjects include a relative clause- a sentence fragment that includes a noun and verb and typically begins with a relative pronoun such as that or which in English or que in Spanish. Spanish speakers tend to avoid placing verbs far away from the subject, forcing them to invert the subject-verb order. The tendency can best be explained with an example: English: A cellphone that I had in order to make videos disappeared. (The subject of his sentence is cellphone, which is described by that I had in order to make videos. This sentence may seem somewhat awkward in English because of so many intervening words between the subject and verb, but there is no way to avoid the problem without making an even clumsier sentence.)Spanish: Desaparecià ³ un mà ³vil que yo tenà ­a para realizar và ­deos. (By putting the verb, desparecià ³, first, it can come next to un mà ³vil. Although it would be possible to roughly follow the English word order here, doing so would seem awkward at best to a native speaker.) Here are three more examples that use similar patterns. The sentence subjects and verbs are in boldface to show how they are closer in Spanish: Ganà ³ el equipo que lo merecià ³. (The team that deserved it won.)Obtienen trabajo las personas que ya muchos aà ±os de experiencia laboral. (Persons who already have many years of work experience get jobs.)Pierden peso los que disfrutan de correr. (Those who like to run lose weight.) Key Takeaways A subject-verb-object word order is usual in both Spanish and English simple statements, but Spanish speakers are more likely to modify the word order as a way of changing emphasis.In both English and Spanish questions, the verb typically comes before the subject.Spanish speakers often place the verb of a sentence first when the subject includes a relative clause.

Abortion in America States Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abortion in America States - Research Paper Example There are various reasons why women in America have abortion. These reasons range from a variety of factors including economic status, age, social and marital status. This paper holds the view that abortion should be legalized and women should be allowed to have abortions as long as they choose to, rather than being forced to keep unplanned pregnancies. Therefore, the decision to continue or to end a pregnancy should be personal (Webmd.com, 1). According to religious views, abortion is a bad thing, which is punishable before God and hence should not be allowed. It is morally bad and contrary to the will of God to take a life – killing of the fetus. According to the Biblical context, life begins at conception, and therefore the conceived fetus becomes a living thing with the right to life like any other human being. Moreover, over the years, abortion has been considered an immoral act and against many cultural beliefs and values. Therefore, when one is suspected to have done abortion, she is at a high risk of facing rejection in the community. Abortion is also considered immoral because it affects the health of the woman leading to serious mental problems. Women who have previously had abortion have been associated with post abortion syndrome where she becomes traumatized and stressed while others experience serious psychological disturbance (Lee, 19-20). Lee further points out that, feelings of shame, anger and guilt against the doctor and people who suggested abortion are said to accompany women after abortion. Other problems like grief, weeping, depression, self-pity, withdraw from others, sleeplessness, nightmares, and eating problems have been associated with women after abortion. Other women end up into drug abuse as a relief for stress. Drug abuse may however lead to other problems like loss of job, divorce or separation and accidents. All these problems interfere with the health and welfare of the woman (Lee, 20-21). Abortion leads to physical complications. Uterine perforations, pain, bleeding, serious infection, hemorrhage, incomplete abortions and cervical lacerations and injury are some of the reported physical complications with the risk of the complications being dependent on the abortion procedure undertaken. Breast cancer, premature delivery, sterility and placenta previa complications in the future pregnancies are th e long-term physical consequences of abortion leading to prenatal death, low birth weight and maternal morbidity. In addition, many cases of deaths resulting from abortion have been reported in America. This was a study done between 1973, when abortion was made legal nationwide to 2004 (Gaul, 1). Despite the above arguments against abortion, I strongly believe that it is helpful and of great value, and that the law should legalize it. This is because it helps to save a woman’s life in case of complicated pregnancies, for instance, when a woman becomes pregnant with more than one fetus, which mostly happens due to the use of fertility drugs or fertility procedure like IVF. Because of this, a woman may end up becoming pregnant with even as many fetuses as six or more. This increases the risk of both the woman’s life as well as that of the fetuses as it can lead to premature birth or expose the mother to many other health-associated problems. When such a condition occurs, both the woman and the physicians are presented into a dilemma because they want to preserve the life of the woman and at the same time, want to take good care of the

The Crucible by Arthur Miller and the Salem Witch Trials Essay

The Crucible by Arthur Miller and the Salem Witch Trials - Essay Example The play was written in 1953 and presented a dramatized version of the events to such an extent that experts do not certify it as an authentic work on the trials that shook the theocratic society. This paper is an attempt to explore the differences and similarities shared by the real-life Salem witch trials and the literary version of that incident The Crucible. The paper will also advocate that the repressive environment of early modern period was the main cause behind such an event. Salem Witch Trials- A brief Overview: Salem Witch Trials are often regarded as the most high-profile case of mass hysteria in history. From 13th century onwards, religion and moral values took an obsessive form specifically in New England and the concept of evil also became deeply embedded, which was symbolized by witches who supposedly possessed demonic powers and pleased the devil by hurting innocent beings1. Gradually every abnormal behavior was associated with witchcraft. In the fall of 1692 two you ng girls, from the same household in Salem Village, Betty Parris (aged 9) and Abigail Williams (aged 11) started having strange fits and displayed behaviors that were â€Å"impossibly human† and beyond the understanding of doctors and ministers2. They crawled and hid under the furniture, felt that they were being poked or pricked, shouted and threw things on others, and twisted themselves into odd positions. Within no time many a lot of females including Ann Putnam Jr. and Elizabeth Hubbard started displaying similar signs and this generated chaos all over Salem. The girls accused Tituba, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne for casting spells on them and slowly every afflicted individual nominated and accused someone for witchcraft paving the way for a witch-hunt spree and the Salem Witch Trials. The trials were held against hundreds of Salem village residents and nineteen residents (mostly females) were hanged at Gallows Hill whereas one person named Giles Corey was stoned to death , and probably dozens languished in prisons without undergoing any trial.3 Historical Inaccuracies in The Crucible: Arthur Miller’s historical accuracy regarding the events and facts of these trials has been a topic of great debate lately. It is, indeed, true that Miller did fictionalize certain facts to suit the needs and demands of a literary play. However, it cannot be termed as an out-and-out inaccurate depiction of the proceedings of Salem Witch trials. As Miller himself explained in the preface of his text â€Å"this play is not history in the sense in which the word is used by the academic historian. However, I believe that the reader will discover here the essential nature of one of the strangest and most awful chapters in human history†4. If the actual facts are to be considered, then Miller’s version shares some phenomenal contradictions. For instance, in The Crucible, the writer invented a ritual of wild dance in the forest followed by recitation of c harms for depicting the activities that were mistaken as witch-craft. 5 This probably was done to ensure maximum interest and engrossment from the audience. However, in reality, Tituba was accused for telling stories from Heinrich Kramer’s 1687 publication Malleus Maleficarum, which contained concepts like Voodoo, fortune

Writing a Good Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing a Good - Research Paper Example Before carrying out the actual research it is of utmost importance for one to acquire permission from the relevant authorities for them to carry out the research. I the above example, one should get permission from the officer in charge of the specific police department. Describing the purpose of the research paper follows by illustrating and the problem and showing its significance. This is best done by using an interesting example. The problem should be presented in form of a question which is to be answered by the final outcome of the research paper. After describing the purpose of the research paper, it is important to define complex terms, vocabulary, and concepts that will be used throughout the paper since the research may be used by people who are not familiar with such terms. For instance, one can use clearly defined foot notes when giving definitions. This helps to maintain the structure and the flow of the research paper. Before continuing with the research paper, it is ad vised for students to review the scene, topic and problem with their supervisor or teacher by showing them their introduction in order to very if they are on the right course. 2) Literature Review Literature review involves analyzing of secondary sources that touch on the issue being raised by the research paper. When approaching literature review one should use credible academic journals, scholarly article, reports, books, and other research papers that touch on the field of study that one is about to write a research paper on (Online Writing Lab 2004). There is no one definite way of carrying out literature review when writing a research paper. It depend on the referencing style n which on is using that is American Psychology Association... Writing a Good Research Paper In the field of psychology, trends, theories and approaches have changed and new ones emerged from time to time. In fact, new approaches to various issues in psychology have emerged in almost every decade. This being so, there has been the need for scholars and professionals in the field to undertake research on the ground in order for them to identify problems or test whether these new approaches really work. As a result this has created the crucial need for research papers in the field of psychology. This paper will identify and discuss the key elements of a good research paper which are introduction, literature review, hypothesis, methodologies, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. It will also discuss further on the process of writing a god research paper. 1) Introduction When writing a research paper, one should start of by generally describing and introducing the topic. This should be done by establishing how the topics in question fit and relates to the field of st udy. For instance, if one is intending to write a research paper on the effects of substance and drug abuse among law enforcement personnel, then one should explain what is drug and substance abuse and how it is related with law enforcement. It is important to understand that a research paper is not an essay. Hence, the given format must be followed in order for one to illustrate the research undertaken for others to understand and comprehend.

Kiki Smith research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Kiki Smith - Research Paper Example It is unfortunate, hence, to find that craft materials and craft techniques are traditionally for the most part forbidden in the world of art. They are dismissed as merely utilitarian objects and have no aesthetic significance. Famed American born contemporary feminist artist Kiki Smith, however, has rewritten the rulebook. Smith’s steady rise as a star in the contemporary art scene is marvelous if not entirely surprising. Her critical success was achieved while employing the use of unconventional craft-oriented materials. Through the use of these materials, she is able to successfully depict the intimate, physical, and psychological perspectives of the human body for her audience. This break from tradition in the use of craft materials is only an aspect of the deviations of Smith’s arts. ... Both of Smith parents are creative people. Her father, Tony Smith was an artist, the celebrated postwar abstract, minimalist sculptor and architect. Her mother, on the other hand, was an opera singer. Smith, hence, was exposed to a highly creative and artistic environment, considering the fact that both of her parents were artists. Particularly, she experienced steady exposure to the creative process from her father. His work has influenced the young Kiki in her artistic style. Tony Smith also maintained a vibrant household who played host to notable contemporary artists such as Jackson Pollack, Mark Rothko, and other gifted artists at the time.3 As a child, Smith would help her father make cardboard three-dimensional representations of what would later be known by the world as his geometrical sculptures. In 1967, his works in this area landed him in the cover of Times magazine. Smith’s father would always try his best to encourage her interest in art. For example, he would se t up a box of cylinders and cones to practice her drawing skills. Another important aspect in Smith’s family that would leave an indelible mark on her as an artist is her religious upbringing. Her family was devoutly Catholic and she herself acknowledges her affinity with her religious denomination later in her adult life. Certainly, this variable would manifest in many of Smith’s artwork later on. In an interview with a magazine, she explained: Some people get free. Some people say that you don’t have to be, but I’m stuck with it. I’ve always been spiritual. That’s always been the most important part of my life, thinking about God or Gods.4 In her childhood, Smith already new that she was not interested in drawing what she saw but, rather, she was more interested in drawing

Eczema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eczema - Essay Example It is worthwhile to give eczema attention because it can affect very young children who can carry the condition until adulthood. Moreover, anyone with chronic and acute eczema could suffer from frequent loss of sleep, loss of self-esteem (especially in children) due to unsightly sores and skin patches, and other stressful effects like loss of employment, difficulty in patient care and high medical costs. There are several causes of eczema, all resulting in the common symptoms of itchiness and rashes. Eczema can be caused by hypersensitivity or allergy to common compounds in the environment (atopic eczema), contact with irritants (irritant contact dermatitis), and contact with allergens (allergic contact dermatitis) (Brown and Reynolds). Understanding the causes of eczema can provide means to relieve symptoms and treat the condition. The most common form of eczema, atopic eczema is a genetic predisposition to become highly sensitized in response to allergens that are common in the environment. In the process, IgE antibodies are produced. Those with atopic eczema are highly sensitive to materials and elements that normally have no effect on most people. The condition afflicts mostly young children who have an increased chance of developing allergic asthma, hay fever and rhinitis later in life. In atopic eczema, itching is the most common manifestation accompanied by scaling and redness in patches of skin, the face included. Some people are mildly affected with only a few areas on their skin that are dry and scaly. Blisters and skin thickening become common in chronic cases (Brown and Reynolds). The prevalence of atopic eczema varies widely worldwide. However, increased prevalence has not been attributed to genetic factors, but more on environmental effects (Brown and Reynolds). Atopic eczema is more common in urban and industrial settings, and in families with higher

Kiki Smith research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Kiki Smith - Research Paper Example It is unfortunate, hence, to find that craft materials and craft techniques are traditionally for the most part forbidden in the world of art. They are dismissed as merely utilitarian objects and have no aesthetic significance. Famed American born contemporary feminist artist Kiki Smith, however, has rewritten the rulebook. Smith’s steady rise as a star in the contemporary art scene is marvelous if not entirely surprising. Her critical success was achieved while employing the use of unconventional craft-oriented materials. Through the use of these materials, she is able to successfully depict the intimate, physical, and psychological perspectives of the human body for her audience. This break from tradition in the use of craft materials is only an aspect of the deviations of Smith’s arts. ... Both of Smith parents are creative people. Her father, Tony Smith was an artist, the celebrated postwar abstract, minimalist sculptor and architect. Her mother, on the other hand, was an opera singer. Smith, hence, was exposed to a highly creative and artistic environment, considering the fact that both of her parents were artists. Particularly, she experienced steady exposure to the creative process from her father. His work has influenced the young Kiki in her artistic style. Tony Smith also maintained a vibrant household who played host to notable contemporary artists such as Jackson Pollack, Mark Rothko, and other gifted artists at the time.3 As a child, Smith would help her father make cardboard three-dimensional representations of what would later be known by the world as his geometrical sculptures. In 1967, his works in this area landed him in the cover of Times magazine. Smith’s father would always try his best to encourage her interest in art. For example, he would se t up a box of cylinders and cones to practice her drawing skills. Another important aspect in Smith’s family that would leave an indelible mark on her as an artist is her religious upbringing. Her family was devoutly Catholic and she herself acknowledges her affinity with her religious denomination later in her adult life. Certainly, this variable would manifest in many of Smith’s artwork later on. In an interview with a magazine, she explained: Some people get free. Some people say that you don’t have to be, but I’m stuck with it. I’ve always been spiritual. That’s always been the most important part of my life, thinking about God or Gods.4 In her childhood, Smith already new that she was not interested in drawing what she saw but, rather, she was more interested in drawing

CMG490 MOD 2 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CMG490 MOD 2 SLP - Essay Example There is also a poor life cycle and workflow in the visibility of the contract. In the contract processes and procedures, there are no guidelines or templates that are proven for particular terms and clauses needed for different types and value of dollars in the contract. There is also an inadequate and insufficient reporting system to the senior management. Finally, there are high costs of staff that are incurred in the routinely carried out review or administrative tasks. Contract management is responsible for the excessive costs due to lack of the expiring contract dates that result into low rates of contract renewal. Insufficient performance monitoring and terms of contract lead to late fees, overpayment, and failure to collect discounts or rebates, and penalties. However, this inefficient monitoring may lead to failure in collecting late fees, underpayment, and awarding of unearned rebates and discounts on the part of suppliers. There are high risks involved in the contract resulting from non compliance. This is due to the lack of policies documented and incapability to show adherence to the written policies related to the contract. The company is also unable to determine if the supplier is complying with the contract terms and conditions. The contract risks also result from inadequate controls of ensuring that those writing contracts possess appropriate legal and risk management and/ or other appropriate mode of authorization before making changes to the terms and language of the contract. The contract risks are also associated with lack of automated reconciliation and integration with the financial systems. This may be due to the company’s inability to rapidly and routinely identify high risk clauses in the contract. In addition, the organization has no monitoring and reporting tools of contract

Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Marketing Strategy Essay Discuss the type of product the company will offer and identify its primary characteristics The type of product the company will offer is a bracelet called Life Alert band. The characteristics of this device are size and the ease of use along with a lifetime guarantee. The Life Alert band is light and portable that no one will even know it’s on his or her wrist. It’s the size of a thick rubber band and comes in different wrist sizes. It has one easy to access button with an emergency icon that only needs to be pushed once to alert the Life Alert call center in the event of an emergency. The bracelet has several hidden sensors that monitor a person’s pulse and blood sugar and wirelessly sends this information to the Life Alert monitoring centers. If a change is detected in any of the monitors the bracelets sends a signal to the centers for immediate action. The Life Alert medical counselors immediately call the patient to see if they are ok. If no response is received they dispatch emergency responders right away. The bracelets uses flash memory to keep the device slim and flexible. It has a flexible band that can bend slightly. The material of the bracelet is a made of hard rubber that protects the electronics and its sensors. The bracelet requires a one-time setup much like a cell phone has to be programmed by Life Alert in order to ensure communication is occurring with their monitoring centers. The device has wifi built in for local communication. Users who have a wireless network can browse directly to the bracelet using a web browser. This gives them access to all the information the bracelet is recording. Discuss the product branding strategy Entrepreneur magazine states that a branding strategy is how, what, where, when and to whom you plan on communicating and delivering on your brand messages. Where you advertise is part of your brand strategy (Enterpreneur, 2011). In this case a brand is name that consumers associate with a device or service. Life Alert has many devices, all which bare its name on it. For example wireless companies such ATT sell cell phones from different manufactures but all of them have the name ATT on them and their logo. This goes for any large company that sells multiple products even if the products are manufactured by another company. Another good example is Apple. Apple has mp3 players, desktops, laptops, and other computer peripherals, all have the Apple logo on them. Therefore, the branding approach for the Life Alert bracelet will be the umbrella branding approach. The umbrella approach will help Life Alert in promoting their popular name even further. In a survey taken by ACNielsen International Research, 87% of Life Alert members said that Life Alert’s protection is a main or important factor in their decision to keep living at home rather than going to a retirement institution (lifealert911, 2011). Life Alert members on an average spend 6 more years living alone because of their services. The bracelet will not only enhance their product line but attract more customers. The introduction of this bracelet will increase their customer base and maybe appeal to those who have a serious illness. The bracelet will become the main entity of the product line with Life Alert’s name and logo. Discuss how the product fits within a product line and the depth and breadth of the line. Life Alert’s bracelet is a unique product that has carved a niche in the medical devices industry. It fits into health care products that offer emergency services for monitoring and addressing health related issues. It addresses a void in the industry and aims to support independence in aged adults by providing state of the art monitoring and emergency services. The distinctive aspect of the Life Alert bracelet is that it is both broadens and intensifies in scope in terms of its breadth and depth. It fits well into the product line Life Alert offers. It’s an extension of the current product offerings. Some of the functionality the bracelet offers cross’s over to other product categories. For example the bracelet now becomes competitive with blood glucose meters. Regardless, the bracelet extends the depth and breadth of the company. Explain how the product and target market strategies fit with the organizational strategy. The organizational strategy is based around a few key factors. The company’s business domain is clearly defined and is focused towards Mature 50+ adults who wish to live an independent lifestyle. The factors that are considered are mainly geographical location, age, retirement lifestyle and medical needs. The strategy is effective as it concentrates on a few key product and ervices. Life alert employs niche marketing to devise a product strategy aimed at that targets mature 50+ adults residing mostly in Florida, which is a popular retirement destination, who are currently living a retired lifestyle and desire a degree of independence and who may or may not have specific medical needs. The Life Alert bracelet fits into the organizational strategy for Life Alert. Introducing the bracelet will solidify the stance in the market. The organizational strategy for Life Alert is to be most innovative company in assisting the elderly. Life Alert can take advantage of its existing organizational strategy to support and market the bracelet. The company can further expand its diversified portfolio of services by using its existing infrastructure and the multifaceted use of its core resources. By including and expanding on existing product offerings the company can reduce cost and maximize return on resources. Life alert bracelet can utilize the infrastructure for Life Alert Necklace, security, monitoring and emergency response services with minor additions. All of these services employ the same core organizational set up, which is the monitoring center, which maximizes service offering with minimal investment. The marketing strategy includes Ads in local newspapers or niche publications, Opt-in web sites that make use of keywords to connect with potential customers, direct mail campaigns, as well publicity through Television developed for mature audiences. The bracelet can be incorporated under these existing marketing tools since it’s directed towards the same target audience. The ease of competitors’ entry into Life Alert’s market segment is minimal as the company employs a profitable business model where users pay an initial set-up charge for the systems and the company generates revenues each month through subscription-based monitoring costs. The company also distributes medical alert system to more than 300 resellers and is one of the largest wholesale medical alarm distributors in the nation, with over 200,000 medical alert devices in service. The bracelet can be an adjunct to the existing portfolio and use the same monitoring system and distribution strategies in use. The business strategy also supports innovation and product development and at present only a couple companies offer a medical alarm with two-way voice. With an additional service such as the bracelet the company will be a step ahead of its competitors and can utilize its RD budget to support the new product. The company’s ability to customize services and marketing different price points for packages will allow customers to use the bracelet with other Life Alert products and services. The new product aligns well with the company’s organizational strategy and the same marketing strategy can be applied towards the Life Alert bracelet.

Advantages of using CNG

Advantages of using CNG Appeared like a monster for the first time in 1999 and threatened all Egyptians, it was huge, dangerous and cruel. So the Egyptian government declared the war against it, and started to take serious actions. Now its 2009 but no change, its still there darkening the skies of Cairo from October to December causing a lot of environmental and health casualties. Apart from the gray looking skies and awful smell spreading in cities, the Monster causes Respiratory problems. Mahmoud Abdel Majeed, head of Abbasiya Chest Diseases Hospital, said, People suffer from breathing difficulties, coughing and sometimes respiratory failure which requires artificial respiration. Adding that children and the elderly were the most at risk. Most of you now know who the monster is, its the BLACK CLOUD. Funny enough that its not a natural phenomenon but it is mainly caused by us!! According to some statistics its said that 40% of the pollution is from the burning of rice straws, another 23% from vehicle fumes as Cairo now has about 4.3 million vehicles in its streets. Factory emissions also cause 23% and 6 % from burning of wastes. We need solutions! One of the solutions is to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a fuel for cars instead gasoline. Natural gas cars are not different from gasoline fuelled cars except that the natural gas cars are fuelled by CNG not gasoline. And its mechanism is so simple; when u start your engine, the CNG enters a regulator that reduces the pressure before entering the fuel-injection system. The gas is then mixed with air and injected into the cylinders of the engine where its ignited by a spark plug resulting in an explosion which is used to drive the piston. CNG is not only good for the environment but also as for individuals there are other benefits. Using CNG is a new revolution which has economical, environmental and technical pros, yet not all people use CNG as a fuel for their cars for different reasons. CNG is quite economical; its about third of the price of regular gas, good news for the low paid and taxi drivers. Also people who own a natural gas car will have some tax incentives; the government makes them pay fewer taxes as a reward for contributing in protecting the environment from pollution. Further more, the cost of maintenance of natural gas cars is very low in long term compared to that of gasoline cars. From all sides, CNG is quite more economical than gasoline. The main advantage of using CNG as a fuel is because its environmentally friendly. Since it is the cleanest burning fossil fuel, as methane burns cleaner than petroleum fuels. According to a report by the Air Pollution Research Department at the National Research Center in Cairo, it was found that, compared to petrol, CNG has a vital potential to reduce carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide concentrations in exhaust released from electronic fuel-injection and well-carbureted engines by an average of 73 percent and 66 percent, 39 percent and 31 percent and 21 percent and 19 percent, respectively. With these figures, CNG became a friend to the environment and people as well, since it causes no or less negative health effects than the petroleum or gasoline. Using CNG also has some technical advantages. CNG gives a high compression ratio, which means that most of the fuel is burnt. The advantage of high compression ratio is that it gives the engine a higher horsepower ratio resulting in a high performance engine. One of the best things about CNG is that u can convert your car to be natural gas fuelled. The conversion process is an easy process; it is simply fitting storage tanks in the trunk of the vehicle and installing injection nozzles in the engine. After this u will have a bi-fuel vehicle! Bi-fuel vehicles have the capability to switch between using gasoline and other fuel like CNG manually or automatically to run the car, what do we need more!! But what makes some people refuse or afraid to convert their cars to natural gas cars? Well, like everything in the world, CNG has some disadvantages too. First, the conversion process can be costly as he/she will have to buy the conversion kit and pay for the mechanic who will convert it. Yes CNG is cheaper in price, but this is when you refill your car but when it comes to conversion, it can be costly. Another disadvantage is

Raymond Carver (what We Talk About When We Talk About Love) Essay

Mel McGinnis of â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love† seems like that one guy that everyone seems to know. He stands out from others; he’s unique. You either love him or hate him. Mel is very much like one of my good friends. They are both very individualistic and hey are both annoying drunks. They are both interesting characters though. I think the author Raymond Carver created the character Mel based off someone he knew. Carver created Mel for one reason or another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mel is just like one of my good friends. One day I like him; the next day I hate him. People like this tend to get annoying to others around them. They are very argumentative. My friend will argue forever and Mel is the same way. Mel is touchy and does not seem to take a joke well. Despite these characteristics that frustrate most people; Mel stands out. He seems to be a leader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mel is very individualistic. He is a Cardiologist who is always busy. This job creates for good stories. Mel is telling stories throughout this whole story. He will start to tell a story, get sidetracked, argue all of his points, and then go on to the story again. He is constantly talking. It seems like there would not be much of a conversation between Mel, his wife Terri, Nick, and Nick’s wife Laura if it was not for Mel’s constant babbling. He surely leads the group. The problem is that he never clearly express...

Cellular Networks With Base Station Cooperation Engineering Essay

Energy ingestion of communicating engineerings is of great involvement late for both environmental and economical grounds. Coordinated Multi Point ( CoMP ) is a promising engineering to extenuate and even exploit intervention through signal articulation processing, response and transmittal at the Base Stations ( BSs ) and has the possible to hike spectral efficiency every bit good as to supply more homogenous user informations rate distribution. However, CoMP requires extra infrastructural cost, low latency backhaul links between BSs, signalling operating expenses and hence, increased signal processing at the transceivers end. The energy efficiency appraisal of auspicious engineerings like CoMP will function as a utile tool to look into the tradeoff between the possible additions in throughput and the energy ingestion in future cellular webs. This research investigates the farther executions needed for BS co-operation and evaluates the extra power that will be dissipated at Base Stations due to the new constituents. This undertaking aims at developing a mathematical power ingestion theoretical account which will depict the extra power needed for BS cooperation in cellular systems and interpret the several parametric quantities harmonizing to the LTE/LTE-A cellular criterions. The planetary information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) industry is a fast turning subscriber to the universe broad nursery gas emanations. The whole Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) sector has been estimated to stand for about 2 % of planetary CO2 emanations and about 1.3 % of planetary CO2 equivalent ( CO2e ) emanations in 2007 [ 1 ] . The survey in [ 2 ] estimations that the nomadic webs represent 0.2 % and 0.4 % of the planetary CO2e emanations in 2007 and 2020, severally. Within ICT, the nomadic communications sector today has a instead little portion [ 3 ] , but a important addition can be expected in the close hereafter. Merely late, the European Union Commission called on ICT industry to escalate their aspirations to cut down its C footmark by about 20 % already by 2015 and to better energy efficiency of the webs. The chief subscriber to greenhouse gas emanations caused by wireless webs originates from the wireless entree web, more exactly from the bas e Stationss. There are in chief two ways to cut down energy cachexia: by energy cognizant constituents in the base Stationss and by energy cognizant web deployment schemes, efficaciously minimising idle capacity of base Stationss [ 4 ] . As per [ 2 ] , RAN operation dominates the planetary C footmark of planetary Mobile communications today, and it will still be responsible for about tierce of the C footmark in 2020. The survey presented in this papers suggests that nomadic traffic volume will lift by a factor of 100 to 150 and the figure of BS sites will approximately double between 2010 and 2020. Parallel to that, the overall RAN energy ingestion will lift by approximately 40 % . The survey besides posits that the overall C footmark of nomadic communications will about treble between 2007 and 2020 if no extra agencies for decrease are taken. The EARTH undertaking focuses on RAN operation and is expected to hold major impact on the energy ingestion ( and therefore the C footmark ) of new base Stationss. RAN energy ingestion could be decreased by agencies of a co-ordinated attempt to recognize both component and system-level energy efficiency betterments. Despite the strong connexion of increasing informations rates and higher energy ingestion, scientific and technological advancement managed to maintain gait with the addition, a fact that is besides observed for the last decennary of 3G developments. In that period, possible information rates and existent informations traffic increased by a factor of one hundred while the energy ingestion of base Stationss dropped five times per provided channel capacity harmonizing to Ericsson. This tendency could go on as the EARTH undertaking keeps working on energy efficiency in nomadic webs [ 7 ] .LTE and Coordinated Multi-PointThe 3GPP Long Term Evolution ( LTE ) and LTE-Advanced are extremely flexible wireless interface and one of the ends of this development is to make and even excel the demands on IMT-Advanced, as presently being defined by ITU-R. These demands will include farther important sweetenings in footings of public presentation and capableness compared to current cellular systems, including the first release of LTE. In order to make the demand of LTE Advanced, coordinated multi-point transmission/reception ( CoMP ) is used as a method to increase the cell norm and cell edge user throughput in the both uplink and downlink [ 5 ] . When coordination is employed, inter-cell intervention is mitigated so that the links can run in the high signal/noise ratio ratio government and hence increases the spectral efficiency which is a major design end for future radio webs [ 6 ] . Coordinated multi-point transmission/reception is a concerted transmittal and response engineering, which can be easy deployed in a semi-distributed communicating system with distributed aerials but centralized control functionality. Several transmittal points are linked to one eNodeB, whereas each transmittal point may incorporate one or multiple antenna elements. Multiple UEs ( User Equipment ) can be served at the same time by one or multiple transmittal points of the same or different eNodeBs. The co-ordinated cardinal accountants retrieve information from distributed transmittal points and allocate resources to fulfill the QoS demands of the UEs while maximising the web public presentation [ 5 ] . Uplink CoMP: Uplink CoMP implies a possibility for joint processing of signals being received at multiple, geographically detached points. In general, a UE does non necessitate to be cognizant of at what points its transmittal is being received and what processing is carried out on the corresponding standard signals, either at these points or, instead, at a cardinal accountant. Two uplink CoMP articulation processing strategies are listed below: A. Joint processing before decrypting In this strategy, users transmit signals to all receive points and receive points will send on the signals they received to the joint point before decrypting it. Using this scheme really small information is lost, and hence higher CoMP addition can be achieved. But new interfaces between receive points and joint point are needed in this instance. B. Joint processing after decrypting In this strategy, users transmit signals to all receive points and receive points will send on the signal they received to the joint point after decrypting it. Using this strategy more information is lost compared to the old strategy, and hence lower CoMP addition will be achieved. But this strategy can be achieved easy by utilizing bing X2 or S1 interfaces. Downlink CoMP: Downlink CoMP implies dynamic coordination between downlink transmittals from multiple geographically separated transmittal points. In conventional cellular systems, each base station transmits signals intended for users within its cell coverage. Depending on the users ‘ channel conditions, intervention caused by neighbouring cell transmittals can aggressively degrade the standard signal quality. Therefore, the downlink capacity of cellular radio webs is limited by inter-cell intervention. Since the base Stationss can be connected via a high-velocity anchor, there is an chance to organize the base aerial transmittals so as to extenuate inter-cell intervention, and therefore better spectral efficiency. The chief rule of CoMP that UE could be jointly served by multiple points over the same wireless resource is the footing to increase the spectrum efficiency while keeping the macro diverseness and/or spacial multiplexing addition [ 5 ] . In the general sense, the downlink CoMP is chiefly characterized into two categories: A. Coordinated scheduling and/or beam-forming ( CS-BF ) In the category of CS-BF, â€Å" information to individual UE is outright transmitted from one of the transmittal points while the programming determinations are coordinated to command the intervention generated in a set of co-ordinated BSs † . In other words, the informations intended for a peculiar UE is non shared while some information related to the channels are shared among different BSs. B. Joint treating / transmittal ( JP ) In the category of JP, â€Å" information to individual UE is at the same time transmitted from multiple transmittal points to better the standard signal quality and/or natural actively intervention for other UEs † . In this instance, informations intended for a peculiar UE is shared among different BSs and is jointly processed at these BSs [ 4 ] .General Power ModelIn order to quantify additions achieved by using energy cognizant techniques in web planning, an appropriate energy efficiency metric must be defined. One of import figure of virtue is the energy ingestion of a web. In the hereafter, base Stationss will go more energy efficient. The points with the highest impact on a base station ‘s power ingestion are the undermentioned: use of distant wireless caputs or ordinary power amplifiers with matching feeder losingss, different sorts of chilling ( air conditioning, air circulation, or free chilling ) , site sharing ( particularly sing substructure ) , and figure of bearer frequences. It can be expected that the mean power ingestion demand per spot lessenings in the undermentioned old ages due to new engineerings. Major power devouring constituents involved in cellular webs are listed below [ 4 ] : Power Amplifier: The power amplifier ( PA ) is expected to work in a province in which the extremum value of the signal corresponds with the possible peak power of the PA. Thus, the efficiency can be maximized. Doherty and Gallium nitride ( GaN ) PAs have the potency to better the efficiency. They are particularly suited for LTE with its high crest factor compared to GSM, where a changeless envelope transition technique is employed ( Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying: GMSK ) . Signal Processing: UMTS signals are much more complex than GSM signals sing the signal processing on sender and receiver side, whereas LTE signals are even more complex. Therefore, the signal processing per nexus is well increased. A/D Converter: This constituent consumes less than 5 % of a macro base station ‘s input power. Therefore, it is non regarded and assumed to be included in the signal processing portion. Antenna Gain and Feeder Loss: Normally included in the Link Budget. Power Supply and Battery Backup: The loss within these two constituents is typically between 10 % and 15 % and depends chiefly on the employed engineering. By utilizing 10 % , an optimistic value is assumed. Cooling: Cooling is chiefly dependent on environmental conditions. Valuess between nothing ( free chilling ) and 40 % can be found.Analysis/ENHANCEMents on Power ModelsEnergy Consumption of Cellular Base StationsPower Model # 1A simple theoretical account of the long term base station energy ingestion is given in [ 4 ] . Another power theoretical account capturing backhauling energy is modelled in [ 8 ] as followers: PBS = a * Ptx + B * Psp + c * Pbh, where PBS, Ptx, Psp and Pbh denote the norm consumed energy per base station, the radiated power per base station, the signal processing power per base station, and the power due to backhauling, severally. The coefficients a, B, and hundred theoretical account effects that scale with the matching power type such as amplifier and feeder losingss, chilling, or battery backup [ 4 ] . A brief overview of three power types has been given below: A. Transmission Transmit power effects the overall base station power ingestion through the efficiency of the power amplifier, the chilling equipment every bit good as battery backup required for operation. The mean transmit power per base station graduated tables with the inter site distance D harmonizing to the way loss theoretical account as 10 log ( Ptx ) = 10 log Pmin + 10 log K + 10 * I » log D/2 where Pmin is the needed minimal receive power at the Mobile and the term 10 log K + 10 log D2 is the path loss at the cell border in dubnium for a given inter site distance D. For power calculation we require coverage of 95 % and presume the base Stationss are centered at their cell countries. Average values of K have been taken with regard to shadowing and LOS chances as per LTE criterions. B. Signal Processing Base set digital signal processing is performed in all cellular base Stationss. The complexness of the operations and the energy ingestion depends amongst others on the employed air interface every bit good as the sum of cooperation between base Stationss. In the LTE-Advanced testbed execution about 10 % of the overall parallel and digital processing power are due to uplink channel appraisal and approximately 3 % are due to uplink and downlink MIMO processing. The former graduated tables linearly with Nc due to the increasing figure of estimated links. Assuming an MMSE filter operation, the latter requires Nc3 operations, nevertheless, the calculation is performed merely one time per cooperation bunch such that mean MIMO processing per base station merely scales quadratically with Nc. With a basal value of psp the signal processing power per sector as a map of different cooperation sizes graduated tables as Psp = psp * 0.87 + 0.1Nc + 0.03Nc2 C. Backhauling Reflecting the state-of-the-art in most cellular webs, we model backhaul as a aggregation of radio micro wave links of 100 Mbit per 2nd capacity and a power dissipation of 50 W each. Therefore for a given norm backhaul demand per base station cbh, the extra backhaul power computes as Pbh = ( cbh/100Mbit/s ) * 50W. The above mentioned is the power theoretical account proposed in [ 4 ] .Power Model # 2In this subdivision, the power theoretical account in [ 9 ] has been discussed. First, the power ingestion of the base Stationss has been evaluated. Based on this rating, the power ingestion of the base station to the radio coverage scope has The base Stationss are placed out-of-door and indoor residential scenario for the nomadic Stationss are the premises made in this work. A. Power ingestion of a base station In this subdivision, the power ingestion of base Stationss in wireless entree webs has been detailed. In a basal station we typically find several power devouring constituents. We define a base station as the equipment needed to pass on with the nomadic Stationss and with the backhaul web. A basal station contains equipment that occurs per sector ( so nsector times for all sectors ) such as digital signal processing ( responsible for system processing and cryptography ) , power amplifier, transceiver ( responsible for having and directing of signals to the nomadic Stationss ) , signal generator, AC-DC convertor. Furthermore a base station contains equipment that occurs merely one time such as the air conditioning and the microwave nexus ( responsible for communicating with the backhaul web ) . In the figure below, the equipment of the base station and the different notations for the power ingestion Pel of the different parts are indicated: Once the power ingestion of the different constituents of the base Stationss is known, the power ingestion Pel of the full base station ( in Watt ) can be calculated as follows: Pel = nsector ( nTx _ Pel/amp + Pel/trans + Pel/proc +Pel/conv + Pel/gen ) + Pel=micro + Pel=airco with nsector the figure of sectors in the cell, Pel/amp, Pel/trans, Pel/proc, Pel/conv, Pel/gen, Pel/micro and Pel/airco are the power ingestions of the power amplifier, the transceiver, the digital signal processing, the AC-DC convertor, the generator, the microwave nexus and the air conditioning, severally. Table below shows the values that we consider here for the power ingestion of this equipment for the considered engineerings. These values are retrieved from informations sheets of assorted makers of web equipment. In the above probe, cells have been considered with three sectors ( therefore nsector is 3 ) . Furthermore, nTx is the figure of conveying antennas per sector. In the most simple state of affairs, which is called a SISO ( Single Input Single Output ) system, the base station uses merely one aerial for transmittal and the nomadic station uses merely one aerial for having. In this instance the parametric quantity nTx is 1. When a MIMO ( Multiple Input Multiple Output ) system is considered where the base station uses two conveying aerials and the nomadic station one or two having aerials, the nTx parametric quantity is 2. For each conveying aerial of the base station we need one power amplifier. So we have to take the power ingestion of the power amplifier into history several times harmonizing to the figure of conveying aerials that are used in one sector. The power ingestion of each portion of the base station is a changeless value ( in Watt ) , except for the power amplifier. The po wer ingestion of the power amplifier depends on the required input power of the aerial. To pattern the power ingestion of the power amplifier we need to specify the efficiency _ of the power amplifier. The efficiency of the power amplifier is the ratio of RF end product power Pout/amp ( in Watt ) to the electrical input power Pel=amp of the power amplifier ( in Watt ) . B. Calculation of scope R In this subdivision, the power ingestion Pel of the base station has been related to the radio scope R. For this, a nexus budget has been set-up. A nexus budget takes all of the additions and losingss of the sender through the medium to the receiving system into history. First, the maximal way loss PLmax ( in dubnium ) has been calculated to which a familial signal can be subjected while still being noticeable at the receiving system. The way loss is the ratio of the radiated power to the standard power of the signal. Table below gives an overview of all the additions and losingss that occur. It is of import to observe that PLmax is dependent of the input power PTx of the aerial and therefore dependant of the end product power of the power amplifier which is Pel/amp. Once the maximal way loss PLmax is known, the scope R ( in meters ) can be determined by utilizing a way loss theoretical account. A general way loss PLmed map is given as: PLmed = g ( d| degree Fahrenheit, hemoglobin, hectometer ) PLmed is a map g ( : ) of the distance vitamin D ( in meters ) , the frequence degree Fahrenheit, the height hemoglobin of the base station and the height hectometer of the nomadic station. The measure before the | is a variable and varies over a uninterrupted interval while the measures after the | are parametric quantities which take merely one discrete know value. The map g ( : ) depends on the used way loss theoretical account e.g. , the HATA theoretical account and the Erceg theoretical account. Erceg C theoretical account has been used here. To find the distance d the upside-down map of equation above has been considered: 500 = g-1 ( PLmed| f, hemoglobin, hectometer ) Based on equation above the maximal scope R ( in meters ) that can be reached with the base station of a certain engineering has been estimated as follows: R = g-1 ( PLmax- SM | degree Fahrenheit, hemoglobin, hectometer ) with SM the shadowing border which depends on the standard divergence of the way loss theoretical account, the coverage per centum and the out-of-door standard divergence. Here we consider a coverage per centum of 90 % .Power Model # 3A elaborate and updated power theoretical account for LTE baseline system has besides been studied in [ 10 ] , one of the plants of EARTH undertaking enterprise, which will be an country of survey.Backhauling PropositionsFrom the comparing of Power Model # 1 and Power Model # 2, it is evident that the power ingestion of Microwave nexus has been underestimated in the former one by 60 % . As microwave nexus has a major function in the power ingestion theoretical account, it is indispensable to hold a more power efficient backhaul option. There is a demand for backhaul capacity to increase for nomadic broadband, informations entree, and picture services to prosecute the end-users every bit good as support cost in cheque. Radio-over-Fiber [ 11 ] as a solution has been turn toing how to administer broadband radio signals in entree webs, including dynamic allotment of resources. Radio-over-Fiber system ( RoF ) is the technique of modulating the wireless frequence ( RF ) sub-carrier onto an optical bearer for distribution over a fibre web. RoF technique has been considered a cost-efficient and dependable solution for the distribution of the hereafter radio entree webs by utilizing optical fibre with huge transmittal bandwidth capacity. RoF has the following chief characteristics: ( 1 ) it is crystalline to bandwidth or transition techniques. ( 2 ) Simple and little BSs. ( 3 ) Centralized operation is possible. New radio endorsers are subscribing up at an increasing demand of more capacity for ultra-high informations rate transportation at velocities of 1 Gbp/s and up sing, while the wireless spectrum is limited. This demand of more bandwidth allotment, topographic points heavy load on the current operating wireless spectrum and causes spectral congestion at lower microwave frequence. Millimeter Wave ( mm-Wave ) communicating system offers a alone manner to decide these jobs. Furthermore, to cut down the sum cost and serve as many users as possible, 60 GHz systems show first-class advantages for the future super-broadband informations services presenting in footings of information rate and power ingestion. Therefore, developing a cost effectual agencies of bring forthing optical millimeter-wave signals at frequences above 60 GHz is of great involvement.FUTURE WorkExisting Power Models needs to be studied in item and should be enhanced with the aid of EARTH [ 7 ] undertaking enterprise. Backhaul demands for LTE/LTE-A should be investigated as this one of the key demands for CoMP. Specifically, Power Requirements for Fibre Optic backhaul systems needs to be investigated. Most Energy Efficient Backhaul system should be recommended and included in the Power Model to heighten the same for better appraisal of Power Consumption. If clip licenses, power theoretical accounts for Mobile Equipment ( ME ) presently in the market should be studied in item and most energy efficient power theoretical account should be estimated.Undertaking AimsLearn about Coordinated Multi-Point ( CoMP ) Understand the construct of CoMP and why is it required? Learn about different sorts of CoMP involved in downlink and uplink. What is a Power Model and why is it required? Learn about LTE/LTE-A Cellular Standards Learn in item about LTE/LTE-A cellular webs Focus on the Base Station Subsystem as this is the portion which chiefly consumes power in cellular webs. Learn about Remote Radio Equipment introduced for LTE-A Develop a Power Model for the extra power needed for BS Co-operation in cellular systems Identify the Overhead required due to CoMP with specific concentration on Backhaul systems. Identify the LTE/LTE-A parametric quantities required to be mapped in the Power Model Develop/Recommend an enhanced energy efficient Power Model and interpret the several parametric quantities harmonizing to LTE/LTE-A cellular criterion.Work PlanA planned class of action for this undertaking is given below: TASKS Jan-March April – May June July August Undertaking 1 Undertaking 2 Undertaking 3 Undertaking 4 Undertaking 5 Task 1- Learn about Coordinated Multi Point and Generic Power Models. Task 2- Learn about LTE/LTE-A Cellular Standards and Architecture. Task 3- Investigate energy efficient Power Models and Backhaul demands Task 4- Identify and Learn in item about the Overhead constituents required due to Coordinated Multi Point particularly Backhaul system and Enhance bing Power Models Task 5- Design/Develop/Recommend an enhanced energy effcient Power Model and interpret the several parametric quantities harmonizing to LTE/LTE-A cellular criterion. In a nutshell, the overall program of action can be summarized as followers: Build on bing literature on base station energy ingestion and constituents involved in it. Further executions needed for Base Station cooperation and rating of extra power that will be dissipated at Bases Stations will be investigated. A power theoretical account for power ingestion depicting the extra power needed for Base Station cooperation in cellular systems will be developed and translated to respective parametric quantities harmonizing to LTE/LTE-A cellular criterions.