Anorexia and Bulimia Essay -- Causes of Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia

Bulimia NervosaI sat there staring in the mirror filled with disgust at the figure on the early(a) end. I scene another day, another day living and thinking of nothing else but the way that I imagine naked, the way I look with clothes on, and the way other people look at me.I was 17 years old when I began to have the premature symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa. I was a cheerleader for a national competition squad, and was worried about being able to tumble to my full potential because of the extra weight that I was carrying. however more importantly I was uncomfortable with the way I felt with myself. I had a low self-esteem and was constantly worried about what others thought of me. I tried many incompatible strategies to lose weight. From starving myself to exercising constantly, nothing was working. I was desperate and wanted nothing else but to lose weight. As I became more and more worried about my weight the more depressed I became. With the onset of depression I started to ea t even more. I ate, one day, to the point that I was sick, and felt miserable about myself, so I threw up. Afterward I felt great about myself. I had ensnare some way hat I could control my weight, which in hand was my life. It became a lifeline for me I was addicted to the feeling of throwing up once a day. The feeling of being hungry was for me happiness I was disgusted and felt huge physically when I wasnt hungry. I went from a solid size 12 to a solid size 6 in less than two months. I lost 20 pounds, and still was not happy with myself. I was suprised that no one questioned me or asked how I did it. All I heard was how great I looked.1%-3% of adolescent and young adult females develop bulimia, (Hales, p.250). And the statistics come along to be rising. One theory of why this is happening is that bulimia is influenced by fashion pressures to be thin and the social fixation on the idea of spareness is beauty. This fixation is the same, says John Matthews the author of Eating D isorders, as those suffering from anerexia. There is also an increase in numbers of bulimics due to the social expectance of the disease and the compulsion of the disease to be treated. The awarness of what Bulimia Nervosa is and the symptoms of the disease are becoming more common place in our society.... ...an Psychiatric Association, is 90% female, more likely albumin in race, and is from a more industrialized country, for example the United States, Canada, Europe, or Australia. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa have been compared to those who suffer from alcoholism. We both encounter the day to day battles to deposit healthy and not relapse. We both learn to talk about our problem to others whether it is a group such as AA, or in my case with my family. An various(prenominal) with Bulimia Nervosa needs support just as an individual with alcoholism. The help that is out there is enormous for any individual suffering with the battle of an eating disorder. The problem is not t he availability of help it is we as a society. We need to become more comfortable talking about the symptoms of the individual with the eating disorder, and the different ways to over come the disorder. One solution that helped my treatment was the understanding of exercise, and a healthy diet. Sometimes in our busy lifes we get out to teach our children about healthy living, however we have the expectation that they will be perfect on the inside and the outside.

Southwest Marketing Strategy Essay -- essays research papers

southwestern United States Airlines is the industry leader in low cost airfare. They began its operation in 1971 with three Texas based routes and began interstate highway routes in 1978. When Southwest entered the market in 1971 they employed a market penetration pricing approach. They wanted to provide the best service for the lowest affirmable price. They saw that if they cut out certain unnecessary benefits they could lower their ticket price to a level far below that of the competition. They do not need in flight movies, meals, or first class sections. This strategy has been very cost effective and Southwest passes the savings on to the customer. They chose to focus on cheer travelers and low-income travelers opposed to business travelers. This allowed them to take advantage of a market, which was often ignored by other airlines. Southwest is not pertain with the prices of other airlines. They do not engage in pricing to meet competition, or pricing below competition. CEO Herb Kelleher stated, Were not competing with other airlines. Were competing with ground transportation. This ism has led them to be very successful because they are priced below the competition, but dont raise their prices when the competition does.Cost controlling is very weighty in the airline industry. Southwest is very good at controlling their costs. They offer a no frills service for people who want to get to their coating for as little as possible, and are not concerned about the bells and whistles like in-flight movies. Southwest in any case realized that when their planes are on the ground, they arent do money. They decided to keep their planes in the air as much as possible and have worked hard to keep a low turnaround time. They escape to unload passengers and load new passengers for the next flight within twenty minutes, which is shorter than the industry average. Southwest also uses only one kind of plane, the Boeing 737, in sound out to reduce costs of parts a nd training employees to use different types of planes. All of these methods have lowered the cost of operations for Southwest and allowed them to have a boodle of $4.7 billion, which is twice that of United Airlines. And because they are so efficient they can pass the savings on to customers. There is no first class at Southwest and therefore all the customers are treated the same. They all receive the same level of atte... ...ly buy Southwests inexpensive tickets. College students also arent concerned about in-flight movies, meals, or other perks. Southwest would crush the competition in that route and make a large profit. Even families going on vacation would fly Southwest Airlines to Mexico. It is cheaper than other major airlines and it is a respected airline, unlike some no name airlines that run flights to Mexico. Advertising would be best through on television because America has become lazy and watches too much TV. They should advertise their great customer service by hav ing customer testimonials and pictures of smiling customers and employees. They should also advertise during family oriented shows, because they are a form of inexpensive travel that a family could take advantage of. In conclusion, I feel that Southwest has taken advantage of its inexpensive flights and family oriented atmosphere to prevail despite the September 11th tragedy. Southwest has been a profitable business for 26 consecutive coarse time and has twice the profits of United Airlines. They have been doing a great job providing customer service and will continue to be successful as long as they continue with their current plan.

A Critical Analysis of Strategies that Promote Inclusive Practice in As

This essay will examine two sagaciousness strategies, firstly that of observation and secondly, The Common Assessment model (2007), in order to critically analyse their potential to promote inclusive utilisation in assessment. It will demonstrate the purpose and objective behind these assessment strategies and the use of assessment for a range of purposes drawing on current issues in practice and discussing measures used by practitioners. It will also demonstrate the enormousness of collaboration between professionals, learners and parents to ensure respectful and shared assessment practice showing an awareness of the sizeableness of considering validity of content and technique to support the childrens study and progress and the need for careful evaluation and moderation of assessment findings.According to Gipps (1994), assessment can be defined as the use of a wide range of methods used for evaluating performance, attainment and needs, including formal testing and examination s, practical and oral assessment and classroom based assessment and observation. Assessment strategies can be described as a process that organises actions and ideas, usually in a step-by-step fashion, which help to guide practitioners in carrying expose an assessment.Assessment can be categorised into formative, summative, diagnostic and evaluative. Formative assessment, which is the continuous use of assessment to guide the teaching and learning process, enables the positive achievement of students to be recognised, and informs decisions taken about the future(a) appropriate stage of learning. Summative assessment is that which usually takes place at the end of a programme of learning in order to find out what has been learnt and what standard the student has ... ...d practitioner confidence and self belief. Also, more research into the impact of the CAF process and ways of working to lighten the work load, as instigating CAFs is seen as adding to this, by many professions. To conclude, this essay has examined observation and The Common Assessment Framework as assessment strategies, and has critically analysed their potential to promote inclusive practice in assessment. It has demonstrated the purpose and objectives behind each strategies and the use of assessment for a range of purposes drawing on current issues in practice. It has also discussed the importance of collaboration between professionals and participants to ensure respectful and shared assessment practice, highlighting the importance of considering reliability, validity, presence of bias and inclusive practice, in supporting childrens learning and progress.

The Internet Wont Put an End to the Diversity of Style in Composition

The Internet Wont Put an End to the Diversity of Style in Composition From 1982, when the term Internet was first used, until today, over 520 million users have gained nettle to the Internet.1 This gigantic leap in Internet usage suggests that in the coming years, even more people will be able to view fabric online. As more people continue to gain access, others will want to post their creations online with a greater frequency, allowing a wider range of viewers to see their work. testament this increase in compositions being made available on the Internet, however, lead to homogeneity of behavior? This is not at all the case. Assuming that diversity of style existed before the rise of the Internet, even as Internet usage continues to grow, the diversity of style in composition will continue to exist.To begin with, what is style, and what are compositions? Websters Dictionary defines style as manner of expression in language characteristic manner of expression, design, etc. in any art, period, etc.2 To make things easier, this makeup will simply say that style is the particular way that one expresses oneself. Compositions are creations, especially those of literary, musical, or artistic works. The last two terms are important to remember, as many of those claiming that diversity of style is cobblers lasting pay attention only to compositions created on instant messengers and chat rooms, devices which are text-based.3 For now, however, a assimilation will be made upon a claim of homogeneity brought upon by the dominance of American culture.Jonathan Rick asserts that American culture has infiltrated even the most hostile areas of the world.4 This contention cannot be denied. American cultural icons such as M... ...Rick, 1.5 http//www.amnh.org/ and http//www.louvre.fr/index.html, respectively6 Dibble, 47 544.2 million people8 ComputerScope Ltd.BibliographyAmerican Museum of Natural History. http//www.amnh.org/.Dibble, Chris. Does the Interne t entail an end to the cultural and historical diversity of style in composition? 22 April 2002. http//www.duke.edu/cfd3/essays/style.htm.The Louvre Museum. http//www.louvre.fr/index.html. Nua Internet How Many Online. February 2002. ComputerScope Ltd. http//www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/Rick, Jonathan. Does the Internet entail an end to the cultural and historical diversity of style in composition? 27 March 2002. http//www.duke.edu/jhr4/writing20/essays/essay2.pdf.Style. Websters New World Compact School and Office Dictionary. 3rd College Edition, 1994.

The U.S. Constitution and The Patriot Act Essay example -- Government

George Washington once said, The Constitution is the guide which I neer will abandon. The first chairperson of the United States knew that the Constitution was and still is the greatest and most important document in America. He said that he would never abandon it and he would never deny it. He would follow it, like it was a guide. The Constitution is supposed to be a guide, which would never be neglected. However, the current government has deserted and intimately discarded the United States Constitution. George Washington and the rest of the founding fathers would roll over in their graves if they knew that The regular army Patriot comprise was an Act now be followed. As Abraham Lincoln said, Dont interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties. The Constitution should not be hindered, and it should never be disregarded. This country was strengthened on the base of the Constitution and the founding fathers w orked hard to come up with just the precise way to run a republic. The USA Patriot Act is a controversial Act that was made to prevent and penalize all terrorist acts in the United States of America as well as all well-nigh the globe. This act was made in order to improve law enforcement investigations, the tools used in those investigations and more. The USA Patriot Act stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The USA Patriot Act was passed to create some sort of a huge surveillance superstructure. This act was sign(a) into law in 2001 by President George W. Bush and then extended in 2011 by President Barak Obama (Electronic Privacy Information Center). The Patriot Act was more often than not passed becaus... ... May 2012. .Drucker, David. Bipartisanship Forms on Both Sides of PATRIOT Act Extension. Roll Call. An Economist Group Business, 03 23 2011. Web. 13 May 2012..Electronic Privacy Information Center, . USA PATRIOT Act. Electronic Privacy Information Center (2010) n.pag. EPIC. Web. 13 May 2012. .Ramasastry, Anita. Explaining the U.S.A. Patriot Act. CNN. (2002) n. page. Web. 13 May.2012. .Savage, Charlie. A Patriot Act Surprise. New York Times. (2011) n. page. Web. 13 May. 2012. .

The U.S. Constitution and The Patriot Act Essay example -- Government

George Washington once said, The Constitution is the guide which I neer will abandon. The first chairman of the United States knew that the Constitution was and still is the greatest and most important document in America. He said that he would never abandon it and he would never deny it. He would follow it, like it was a guide. The Constitution is supposed to be a guide, which would never be neglected. However, the current government has deserted and virtually discarded the United States Constitution. George Washington and the rest of the founding fathers would roll over in their graves if they knew that The ground forces Patriot execute was an Act now be followed. As Abraham Lincoln said, Dont interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties. The Constitution should not be hindered, and it should never be disregarded. This country was reinforced on the base of the Constitution and the founding fathers worked h ard to come up with just the precise way to run a republic. The USA Patriot Act is a controversial Act that was made to prevent and penalize all terrorist acts in the United States of America as well as all about the globe. This act was made in order to improve law enforcement investigations, the tools used in those investigations and more. The USA Patriot Act stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The USA Patriot Act was passed to create some sort of a huge surveillance superstructure. This act was write into law in 2001 by President George W. Bush and then extended in 2011 by President Barak Obama (Electronic Privacy Information Center). The Patriot Act was by and large passed becaus... ... May 2012. .Drucker, David. Bipartisanship Forms on Both Sides of PATRIOT Act Extension. Roll Call. An Economist Group Business, 03 23 2011. Web. 13 May 2012..Electronic Privacy Information Center, . USA PATRIO T Act. Electronic Privacy Information Center (2010) n.pag. EPIC. Web. 13 May 2012. .Ramasastry, Anita. Explaining the U.S.A. Patriot Act. CNN. (2002) n. page. Web. 13 May.2012. .Savage, Charlie. A Patriot Act Surprise. New York Times. (2011) n. page. Web. 13 May. 2012. .

The thud came again

rose clicked the television on mute, straining her ear against the storm that splattered the roof with a mixture of rain and hail.The soft thump came from the basement, as though psyche, or something, had knocked a book to the floor. Rose gripped the arms of the chair and deuced her husband for leaving her alone on a night like this, knowing she was fearful of storms, empty houses and prowlers, withal imaginary they might be. Shed already light every lamp and overhead light in the house, but they failed to dispel the damp, dreary feeling of impending doom.Rose was a bit too over tutelar virtu ally things, she wouldnt stay outside for more than 10 minutes, because of the dangerous sunrays. Her husband prize had nagged her about bushelting a dog to keep her company on the nights he worked late, but she wouldnt have anything to do with a dog. What if the dog got rabies and went thin-skinned while she was alone with him? Her small delicate frame would be no match for a snarling animal who would shred her to pieces with its gnashing teeth.The television screen flickered in muted silence as it ran the news story again, warning the public about the man with the knife. Hed been fooling the police for weeks, leaving loafer no clues or reasoning to his appetite for slaughtering woman who were home alone.But Rose knew where the man was. He was in her basement skulking around in the dark with the butcher knife between his teeth.She reached for the promise, preparing to summon the police again, but shuddered at the arrogance during their precedent visit less than an hour ago. While searching room to room the officers exchanged glances, as if satisfying a womans imagination was a waste of their infrequent clock.Its Rose Campbell again, she said weakly into the phone. Despite her attempts to sound rational her voice quivered like a woman on the verge of insanity. You must send someone right away. Hes in my homeI know he is.Lightning filled the night sky and Ros e pulled the receiver away from her ear, fearful of being touch through the mouthpiece. Shed read somewhere about an elderly woman struck by lightning as it travelled through the phone wires and burned her to smithereens. She got more sickening as she thought of it.Mrs. Campbell, the officer sighed, our officers have already checked your home from top to bottom and found nothing, why dont you make yourself a nice cupful of teatime andCup of tea? Rose shouted as a clap of thunder hit the house. I dont want a cup of tea there is a man in my house I raft read him in the cellar, dont you understand?It suddenly occurred to Rose that the intruder might hear her, race up the basement stairs, knife clenched in his fist, and put a quick slicing-end to her cry for help. She lowered her voice to a panicked utter and listened for footsteps on the cellar stairs.Maybe he wasnt in the basement when the officers checked, she whispered, or maybe he was hiding behind the boiler maybe or came in through a window after they left.Rose envisioned the office rolling his eyes like the others had done. Okay, Mrs. Campbell, he said in a defeat voice, Ill send someone out as soon as I can.But when will that be? she demanded, refusing to be treated like a mad woman while a maniac moved slowly just one story below.Im not sure, his voice had the tone of impatience. Lots of problems due to the storm. We are all pretty busy. Maybe you could call a neighbour? Someone to sit with you till we arrive?Sir, I dont imply a baby-sitter I need you to come and arrest this killerThere was a long pause followed by a sigh. Okay Mrs. Campbell. Ill send someone right over.Rose replaced the phone in its cradle, this was her lifeline, and trembled at the emptiness of the house. The roar of the storm scared her, a blanket of loneliness encased her, tickling the hairs on the back of her neck.A move of lightning crackled nearby, its brilliance exploding the yard beyond the window. The lights flickered, plunging her into darkness and Rose dug her nails into the fabric of the chair. The lights fluttered, fighting to stay alight as the storm roared directly overhead. The lights remained at half strength, their dirty yellow light casting deep shadows in the corners.The phone echoed loudly in the stillness, giving her the fright of her life. She lunged for it her grip was tight on the receiver. Rose? Rose, are you there? Her husbands voice came wonderfully through the earpiece. Yes, Rose said through her dry mouth. Jimmy, please come home right away.Whats wrong Rosie?Hes in the house, Jimmy a man with a knife is in the cellar. The police wont do anything about it. She kept her voice low to prevent anyone but Jimmy from hearing her.There was a silence at his end and Rose didnt like the sound of it. She saw her husbands mind working, preparing to hear the same old spoken communication about her imagination running away with her.Now rose he began.Dont Rose me Her voice shook with anger and panic.But Rose weve been through this time and time again, Jimmy said, his voice with patience. You get yourself all worked up for nothing, scaring yourself half to death. I have to work late sometimes. You know that. Why dont you let me get you a dog to keep you company.What good is a dead dog when theres a killer in the house?Okay Rosie, okay. Maybe I can knock off a little early tonight, but were going to have a talk about this.The lights were burning with less strength than sooner and Rose felt the shadows creeping in on her. She pushed her shaking body from the chair and tiptoed into the kitchen, relieved that Jimmy would be home soon. She hadnt heard any more thuds from the basement. Had she imagined them? She did have an active imagination.Creeping past the closed cellar opening Rose opened a kitchen drawer, removed a box of waxed candles and pushed devil of them into their candlestick holders. A match lit and breathed life to the wicks. She decided to have a cup of t ea and set the kettle on the stove.It came from behind her, on the other side of the cellar door, and Rose spun around, her heart quickening with each beat. She stumbled backwards and pressed against the kitchen counter, never taking her eyes from the doorknob. The cellar door was closed, but not tight, and something was pushing it outwards, revealing two fiery lights twinkling in the darkness.Rose clamped a hand over her mouth, fearful that a scream, however quiet, would squeeze the last bit of breathable air from her lungs. Spinning towards the counter she ran her hands across its surface searching for anything she might use as a weapon. Nothing. She pulled at the knob on the silverware drawer and sent the contents crashing to the floor. Fumbling through the mess Rose felt the carving knife handle and clenched it hard in her fist.Thunder and hail rocked the frame of the house as another bolt of lightning crackled over her head, illuminating the kitchen just as the cellar door ca ve in open. The creature with the bright eyes stood at opening, it stared at.Rose halted and squinted at the creature, its tail wagging side to side.Youre are cat she shouted, her veins pounding with blood. She tossed the carving knife to the floor. Its just a stupid little cat. Her laughter eased her frightful state, soothing her petrified nerves.The short-hared cat licked its paws. Just a cat, Rose whispered again as kneeled by its side and stroked its fur with her trembling hand. Where did you come from, You scared me half to death. Arching its back it rubbed against Roses thigh. You must be hungry? How about a bowl of milk? She rose to her feet and opened the fridge door.Just a cat indeed, the man whispered from the shadows of the cellar. Candlelight glinted off the butcher knife in his fist.

Homosexuality and Film

Reaction Paper Philadelphia I was really in love by the film. It was in truth an Inspiration for me as a gay soul. It reminded me that every person In this world, even if youre lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, black, white or aslant deserves to be respected and to be equally well-treated. This film was great because It shows or talks about delimitation and tolerance as well. For me, I personally define Philadelphia as a cinematic perfection.It Is a very Important film to watch not only for the Lists but also for every person In this world for them to know that delimitation Is a big no and to realize that even though a person Is different he/she mustiness respect It. God created the man equally and we must not Judge anyone of us for their differences and disabilities. Actually, I was really feeling bored watching at the beginning of the movie. I honestly dont get the meaning and the mark of creating this film.Aside from this film was a bit older (because it was release in the year 1993) it took me a bit long to understand what thieve trying to say because of their camber accents and their idiomatic expressions and sentences that I dont understand. I was also confused and curious if wherefore the movie was entitled Philadelphia and then I found the answer later As I watched the film, I found it interesting. I found out that the protagonist was a homosexual and was infected by a terrible disease called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS.Andrew Becket was an excellent lawyer and was fired by the law firm because he had AIDS, but the law firm didnt actually say the real reason of why hey fired him and that they made it appear that Andrew had a questionable professional ability in light of the misplaced file or document and is incompetent. Then he find several attorneys to take his case including Joe Miller. But Joe Miller was hesitant to accept the case and initially declined it. It is because Joe was a homophobic and he knew that Andrew had AIDS. But eventually after Joeys doctor told the method of HIVE infection he accepted the case.As the case goes, Becket wanted to win his case not only for his own nifty but also for the sake of other people who have his terrible disease and who Is also gay or lesbian, because In their place which Is the Philadelphia the people who has this exceptional disease was being adulterated. Eventually Becket won the case. For me, this film has Important morals to all the people. We must treat each of us equally even that person has a disease or even If his sexual druthers Is different. Us also, here In the Philippines must apply this kind of moral.We must not steal people especially those people who atomic number 18 LIGHT. As far as I know here in he Philippines, Lists are dismissed from naturalize or denied promotion because of their gender identity. There are still schools that kick out gay students if they come out. Gays are also discriminated in insurance policies because they are tho ught to be no to discrimination here in the Philippines. We must respect each of everyone no matter who we are. I hope that someday as soon as this problem is solved, I can freely utter l say to you quite frankly that the time for racial and sexual orientation discrimination is over.

Model and Incidence Reduction Formula

Today, we have many y step forwardh that have decided to come out of the closet, and have been shunned by their families and peers. Many have turned to alcohol and medicines to cope with their feelings of rejection. On the other hand, many of our young indulge in risky sexual behaviors that put them at a great risk for sexuality transmitted diseases and even suicide ideation. Community Needs The proposed prevention program bequeath speech communication discrimination projected at youths who identify with being gay or lesbian in their communities.When discrimination occurs in the community, it produces stress, physical and psychological issues. Lewis, Delegated, Clarke, & Kiang (2006) expression addressed how discrimination of on?s sexual identity is categorization toward their social status. Discrimination of gay or lesbian youth can overly produce substance use problems, suicidal acts, violent factorization a capacious with risky sexual behaviors that put them at risk for HIVE infection, and significant pass judgment of school dropout (Kernighan, Sheathes, & Abacus, 2014).In communities, there are five factors that prohibit resilience within the lesbian or gay youth. Russell, Bona, Macaroon, & Smith (201 1) stated that the Sebastian or gay youth often experience homophobia, divisions within their own communities inability to make sense of danger family failure of support for sexual identity and their internalizing of invalidating information closely lesbian or gay youth intentions on society as a whole. Many youth are therefore left feeling unsocial and unaccepted by their communities in which they live in.Desired Results Outputs The overall achievement for participating in the program Yes I Can entrust be the following components. 1 . Parental/caretaker acceptance Of youths sexual orientation. 2. Stability of emotional, physical and psychological health. . Cessation of risky sexual and addictive behaviors. 4. Parental/caretaker active participation in therapy. 5. product of positive relationships in families, peers, and school. 6. Ability to relinquish prior offenses that caused tremendous psychological and emotional pain, 7. Ability to live a life free from shame and guilt.Impacts The pass judgment goals of the program Yes Can will seek to foster self- acceptance of the youths sexual identity, promote positive self-image emotional and psychological stability acknowledgement of guilt producing behaviors that touch cognitive abilities while wanting to achieve positive hanged. Influential Factors The program will utilize three modalities that have been shown to provide significant reduction capabilities for the lesbian or gay youth. Cognitive behavioural therapy postulates cessation of negative behavior and substance usage.The triangular theory of fill in will explain the concept of what love is, while yieldness therapy will help the youth to understand how forgiveness can benefit them emotionally, spiritually, and psychol ogically once they make the conscious choice to forgive individuals who have wronged them. Parents and caretakers can seat their children to be who they are by encouraging them attend school regardless of what others say or do as long as they are not harmed. Strategies The following strategies will be utilized in the prevention program Yes I Can. 1.Community leaders and organizations to provide squiffy policies for anti-gay harassment and violence in the schools. 2. Encouragement from parent/caretaker, community leaders and organizations. 3. Encouragement to stay in school. 4. Therapist/counselor understands how biases can damage the healing(p) relationship. 5. Utilization of competent providers in the assessment and counseling sectors. 6. Cultural competence. . Ethical guidelines adherence. 8. Journaling by participants of their needs and Concerns. 9. Assess the prospect of suicide ideation through the Beck Scale. 10. Random drug screenings. 11.Explain the informed consent. 12. Obtain an active measurement of confidence by using the self-efficacy scale. Assumptions The prevention program goals will be to empower the youths toward self- acceptance, positive self-worth, freedom from their negative past experiences production of positive coping mechanisms understanding of the risk of substance abuse on their health. The program will utilize donated reverie for assessments and counseling services. Referrals will be made to area hospitals with the recommendation for evaluation of the participant in a crisis stabilization unit for suicide ideation.Incidence decrement Formula Incidence Reduction= Decrease Maladaptive coping, stress reduction, depression, risky sexual of anger from prior offenses, shame Guilt. Behaviors, alleviation Increase Acceptance of sexual identity, parental/caretaker Communication, self-esteem, self-worth. Logic instance Resources Activities Outputs Short & Long Terms Outcomes Staff Trained in forgiveness therapy. Provide understanding of love for self. Trained staff in cognitive behavioral therapy. Participants secured from area schools, churches, & parental referrals.Community agency referrals. Parental/caretaker participation Group therapy sessions. Workbooks on discriminatory practices. Journals to write own thoughts & feelings to be addressed in therapy Drug examination Parental/caretaker involvement. Parental/caretaker acceptance of youths sexual orientation. Developed positive self-esteem. Substance abuse alleviated. Positive support from selected peers/family Of choice. Alleviate depression & suicidal ideation. Positive cognitive and decision making skills. Positive attitude toward school and peers.Positive parental/caretaker relationships sustained. Develop and utilize voice against discrimination. Positive identity. Ability to function daily without drugs and alcohol. Healthy attitude toward life. Ability to develop and maintain healthy relationships. Ability to encourage others of the lesbian and gay com munity. Formative The program will use the concept of targeted mediator trial impression which recommends researchers to select social, psychological, and demographic variables that would be used in mediating and moderating such variables for he interpolation.There will be three modalities used to advance and achieve the allocated intervention procedures. Attention will be focused on logged parental/caretaker and community participations. Relationship qualities will be viewed to assess whether they are conducive for the participants. Conformity will be completed between the influences on the participants willingness to change negative behaviors that have caused them harm. Us m native The program Yes I Can was designed to empower the lesbian and gay youth in communities to change damaging behaviors that have stagnated heir joy in life from discrimination.

Philippine Government

Donnalea P. Nablea AB=II Date March 20, 2013 Subject Philippine Government and Constitution Introduction * footing of Citizenship= Citizenship is one of the article of the Philippine Constitution or the Fourth (4) Article. It says here that the citizenship can be loss, re-acquire, or naturalized depend on the decision of a citizen. The citizenship is a law that shows, it should be followed legally. * Background of Suffrage= Suffrage means the right to balloting.Article Six (6) of the Philippine Constitution is a law that shows the process of example the suffrage in the Philippines. Exercised by the people who ar at least 18 years old in a higher place, and registered in the COMELEC. Content Citizenship * Section 1= simplify that the true citizens in the Philippines that in citizenship it is adopting the Philippine Constitution, both parents are citizens also in the Philippines, and naturalized, meaning there are already a decision in the court as getting the Citizenship. Secti on 2= those who are natural born in the Philippines specifically saying both parents are pure Filipinos so that there is no need of performing to act or acquire citizenship. * Section 3= that citizenship can be loss or re-acquired again by the time you want to. Depending on the manner provided by the law. * Section 4= if a pure Filipino married an alien he/she can celebrate or can keep his/her citizenship, unless by the time he/she wants to change it. They are deemed or judge, under the law to prenounced it. Section 5= dual citizenship is unfavorable, take in it might threat the place especially in the establishment, when public safety recquired, it shall be dealt by the law Suffrage * Section 1= suffrage or voting should be done by the Filipino Citizen who are legally registered in the COMELEC and in his legal age (18) eighteen years old above and shall live in the Philippines for atleast one year and in the place wherein they proposed to vote for atleast six months.There should be no money involved or exercised during the candidacy and in during the votation. * Section 2= the congress should maintain the security for securing the clean votation as well as the system for absentee voting Filipino who are qualified to vote which is in abroad. To those who are also disabled physically and illiterate or not educated well the congress should provide them a procedure to inspection and repair them vote easily without any help or assistance by others. IssuesCitizenship (Philippine Citizenship Issues and Land Ownership) * Under the law of the Philippines, former Filipinos or those who are natural-born Filipinos but lose their citizenships are still entitled to take real estate properties in the Philippines subject to a few limitations. If you are a former Filipino, the following pass on be helpful guide 1. Land must be used for residential or barter purposes only. 2. Land acquisition may be through with(predicate) sale, donation, tax sale, foreclosure, or exe cution sale. 3. If the land is for residential purpose, a maximum of 1,000 sq. eters of urban land or 1 hectare of rural land is allowed. 4. If the land is for business purpose, a maximum of 5,000 sq. meters or urban land three (3) hectares of rural land is allowed. 5. A maximum of two (2) lots not exceeding the maximum limit in total combined area is allowed. Lots must be located in different cities or municipalities. 6. Either rural or urban lots but not born can be acquired. 7. Either one or both spouses may avail of this privilege, but the above limits must be deserved. * Holders of the Dual Citizenship are allowed full rights of possessions of real estate in the Philippines.Suffrage ( Detainees right to vote ) * In the Philippines, detainees fail to exercise this right due to legal and administrative limitations and their peculiar situation in terms of residence. * Detainees who are not convicted of any crime (punished by the Revised Penal Code penal laws or regulations) are still presumed innocent of their accusations and retain their right of suffrage, according to the TWG rules and regulations on detainees special registration. * Residence of permanent home is very crucial archetype in the pursuit to xercise detainees right to vote. Residence determines the place where the detainee registers and votes. If a detainee will be transferred to the new detention facility. On election day a detainee will be eligible to vote in the city or municipality where his or her registration facility is located provided he or she has stayed for atleast six months. * Detainees faces issues on access to registration polling places and information because they are displaced from their residence measures to enable them to vote must be done according to the law to stage future legal challenges.Significance * Citizenship = Article IV Citizenship acquires the legal process of having the citizenship so that there would be no problem in any aspects of having the citizenship s to those who are acquiring it or re-acquiring it. * Suffrage = it exercised our rights to choose whom we want to sit on the position that could help us. It exercise also us to be independent and to realized that we are the one who is making our own path or decision in society through voting. Essay of Philippine Government Looking back to the front judicature system in different periods in Philippine history, we can see that our present government system is somehow shaped and patterned from the former system that prevailed in our country. Pre-historically we have seen how they established their government and basically, we can say that it is far more primitive than the present system that we have. However, the basic principles like the character of the datus to the elders can somehow be seen in the present by the presence of political advisers where our president consults aside from the members of senate and the congress.The barangay system that existed to begin with still ex ist at present as the smallest governmental unit in the society. The taxation system that evolved through time is still being practiced up to the present government. The three basic task of the executive, legislative and judiciary can also seen in the Spanish political system however there is separation of powers nowadays unlike before that all the power is bestowed to one-Government General.Numerous years of colonization experienced by the Philippines made it hungry for freedom which I believe contributed to the desire of the people to live in democracy and be a Democratic country. Then the first Republic of the Philippines emerged in as the Malolos constitution was made. Then there was the commonwealth and the Puppet government and the presence of those previous foreign governments somehow contributed by the ties that we now build with other countries.Until now we are continuing the ties that connect to the other countries, the thread that ties to them is actually helping us to developed more and more especially in economy. But except the ties that connect us to them, how does the Philippine Government evolved on its own feet? Philippine Government evolved through its lessons that we learn from the past colonization we learned how to stand independently to make our own constitution, to practice the suffrage, to be independent by the decision of the countries and learned also how to be more competitive.But we cannot deny that in every alert of the Philippine Government there are also existing rat people who are manipulating the constitution, corrupting the money and other things that making the government more complicated in existing to the better. Our government now is roughly likely to a turtle yet still yet so far to finished the finish line. Just in our society there is a great chance to change more better but while rat people are still in their position in the government there would be no suddenly change will happen.

What Is Fashion?

An in depth discussion slightly way, its influence towards society and earlier ca put ons responsible for these processes This essay offers a sociological approach towards air in which will be critically evaluated, in context of its influence on society, origins of room and whether external or/and internal causes are responsible for these processes. This essay begins with an introduction to fashion in a friendly aspect.According to Kumara (2005) the meaning of fashion is non plainly about visual clothing but also the invisible elements behind it such as symbolic meanings and a sense of competition. bearing is a abbreviate of imitating those whom is admire and envied however fashion is never stationary or fixed, it is ever-changing but does not mean the old is discarded Just may be merely adjusted (Flues, 1930). Rubberiest (2001) argues that a style becomes a fashion through a process called collective selection the fashion is so replicated.This essay then goes into the history of fashion, what fashion was like earlier twenty first century, what the clothing meant to disparate social classes, with this it will explain how fashion was exposed to other social classes not Just the aristocrats. It is then followed by an evaluation of the importance of fashion in general for society then briefly mentions about the fashion value for boys and girls, men and women.Finally, concluding this essay with a summary of possible internal and/or external causes of the processes for fashion. One definition for fashion is the mass production of goods for adornment in which are imitated from commonwealth that are admired and envied however this is more(prenominal) of a modern phenomenon (Edwards, 1997 Flues, 1930). The definition for fashion will never be stationary hence it is conceived as irrational because it has no content, arks as an external decoration, and carries no intellectual elements (Kumara, 2005).According to Kumara (2005) and Flues (1930) fashion i s a concept of imitation, it is a fundamental hu humans trait to imitate those who are admired or envied (e. G. Celebrities), and however Herbert Bubbler argued that a style becomes a fashion through the process of collective selection (as cited in Rubberiest, 2003 peg. 14). For casing a designer offers a large number of styles on the runway only a few of these are chosen by buyers, magazine editors, and boutique owners which are then offered to their clients.When consumers actually buy the clothes, those styles become the fashion consumer relevance, not the designers, turns a style into fashion (Rubberiest, 2001). In other words those who are admired get their styles from boutiques where the designers had offered their styles in the first placehand therefore consumers buys the selected styles of their choice and those styles then becomes the fashion the style becomes a fashion quicker when the buyer is wizard an admired or envied person.Thus before something becomes a fashion it goes through the process of collective selection then becomes the fashion object for people to imitate. However the paradox of fashion is that everyone is trying at the same time to be like but yet different, from the person they admire or new to be like them in so furthest as they regards them as superiors, to be unlike them (in the sense of being more fashionable) (Flues, 1930).Another essential concept of fashion lies in competition decoration has a cozy and social value, attractive, and striking forms of ornaments being useful both for drives of sexual allurement and as signs of rank, wealth, or power following the convention that the more elaborate and decorative the costume, the blueer the social position of the wearer however this was a fashion phenomenon before the nineteenth century (Flues, 1930 Kumara, 2005).In contrast the bohemian fashion sense was less is more thus individuals tend to wear clothing that is simple and has a relaxing touch sensation to it but yet contemporary. The Bohemian style applies to those who live an unconventional and aesthetic lifestyle thus it was stereotyped to those in the middle class and underclass (Wilson, 2000). However it was at a conference when Richard Florida made a speech about advanced tech Coos to discover that the bohemian style was not only for those of the middle class and under class people muff cant incur high tech innovation without art and music.All forms of creativity feed off each other Elf you really want to know how important this is dont ask the high tech Coos or the mayor or the Chamber of Commerce. Ask the guys in the band The musicians who looked like members of Cowan OBrien late-night ensemble Were not local grunges. They were high-tech Coos and venture capitalists (Florida, 2003 peg. 191) The purpose of this quote was to show that mom high classed individuals do not dress extravagantly as to show off their wealth, it is quite the opposite.Also it illustrates that the bohemian style has big(p) and expanded throughout all levels of the social classes. Before the nineteenth century fashion was only available for those with term such as the aristocrats, as mentioned before the more extravagant the clothing the higher the social position, this mainly occurred before the nineteenth century. Fashion in the fifteenth century is something different from fashion in the nineteenth and twentieth century.In the fifteenth century fashion was an indicator of class status, a court privilege monopolized by aristocracy while commoners would hardly hardiness call themselves fashionable because they will be frowned upon because they had no chastens to be dressed as them, they are unwilling to abandon the signs of superiority and distinctiveness (Flues, 1930 Rubberiest, 2001). The extravagance of fashion in this case meaner higher social status therefore it is part of the individuals identicalness the type of fashion people wore during these times knowed the nobles fro m the commoners (Kumara, 2005).Flues (1930) mentions that when every man is as good as his fellows, there are no superior social strata left to imitate, and it would seem as though the race of fashion must(prenominal) end, since those behind have definitely caught up those in front. However in the nineteenth century no longer did the aristocracy alone lead fashion, but the wealthy that had the material meaner were invading into their social place therefore fashion became more available (Heywood Garcia, 2012 Flues, 1930 Rubberiest, 2001).By the twentieth century, fashion became increasingly democratic, and everyone, regardless of rank or status, had a eight to look fashionable (Heywood Garcia, 2012). With the naturalism that followed the French Revolution, the body once more came into its own rights, and the purpose of clothes became the relatively secondary one of throwing into relief the beauties of the body fashion became more simple and exiguous, the exposure of the bohemian style (Flues, 1930).Therefore the idea of the more extravagant clothing the higher social status slowly diminished the fashion trend changed and became available to the whole society and not Just the aristocrats. Thus fashion now plays a significant parting in the manifestation of differences. The class boundary has become blurry since the decline of European aristocrats, and people desired to make subtle distinctions in order to recognize themselves from others (Kumara, 2005). This is the modernity of fashion.Fashion is more than Just visual clothing and accessories but also act an indicator of social status or rank, personality or identity it is also symbolic, expressive, creative, and coercive (Heywood Garcia, 2012 Kumara, 2005 Edwards, 1997). According to Flues (1930) fashion is symbolic it can be presented as trophies (e. G. Hunter wears rare fox belt), terrorizing (consisting of parts of the fallen enemies which can be perceived as awe-inspiring and gruesome), sign of rank and/or occupation, sign of locality or nationality, display of wealth and extension of the bodily self (e. . A skirt can increase the feeling of size, importance, and dish aerial or how some skirts may add to the effect of movement). Fashion is more concerned with theories between people beyond kin, and the mechanisms through which we form affiliations and select partners with whom to co-operate with (Heywood Garcia, 2003). There are two aspects in particular contribute to individuals interaction preferences, and they unconsciously look for cues that signal trustiness and cooperation fashion happens to be one of those cues (Heywood & Garcia, 2003).Therefore it is from their clothes that whether individuals form a good or bad first impression and this is very important especially when exhalation for a job interview or meeting someone you like because people will Judge at first sight hence a good fashion sense can be essential. Indirect expression of an individual through his garm ents enables us to Judge whether or not this acquaintance is reindeer, angry, frightened, curious, travel rapidly or at ease. It also tells something about their sex, occupation, nationality, and social standing, and thus enabling us to make preliminary adjustment of our behavior towards them (Flues, 1930).For example two guys came up to a girl and both ask for her number, one guy in a messy shirt and ripped pants while the other in a decent shirt and Shares, the girl will most likely be more inclined to give the guy with decent clothes her number because he seems more trustworthy. However familiarity cause them to be overlooked, in other words his does not apply to those that individuals become familiar with because they have already been accepted into the congregation (Flues, 1930 Kumara 2005).According to Kumara (2005), Heywood and Garcia (2012) fashion is simultaneously about belonging into a group and innovating distinguishing and identifying oneself it helps us signal group conformity, the innate, evolutionarily based need to fit in with the group and it is about sex and status in that it increases our mate value. Fashion is the result of a great deal of influence which collectively determines the social Truckee of society. Fashion set differ within gender and females happens to be more intact with fashion than males however it does not mean that men do not.On the female side (women), use fashionable products to enhance or create an illusion of youth, beauty and fertility, and on the male (men) side, to display wealth and status (Heywood & Garcia, 2003). It has been stereotyped that fashion for men does not exist that men dress for comfort rather than style that women dress men and buy clothes for men, nevertheless fashion for men is not interpreted seriously because t is not appropriately masculine to take a serious interest in it but they are well dressed for their occupation (Edwards, 1997).Fashion for women is a source of power that can be control led by using fashion as a tool women shifted from nature to culture, focusing on beauty (Kumara, 2005). Fashion is not only stereotypically positively correlated with feminism but also somewhat true due to women constantly striving to achieve youth and beauty however fashion is where identities can be discovered, and fashion plays no role in the oppression of women or exclusion of men (Kumara, 2005). As Wilson explains N administrating the wearers great identity contemporary fashion refuses the dichotomy nature/culture.Fashion in our epoch administrates the body and thus divests itself of all essentialist. This must be good news for women since essentialist ideologies have been oppressive to them. Fashion often plays with, and playfully transgresses gender boundaries, inverting stereotypes and reservation us of the masque of femininity. (Wilson, 1994, up. 187) However for the younger generation of females (girls) and males (boys) the impact of fashion is slightly different for gi rls styles of dress are accessory for the accomplishment of social status, of irreconcilability, of a position in the world that saves one from being cast out (Pomeranian,2008).For both girls and boys being unfashionable or out dated can have a negative effect on individuals for they can become the target for bullies hence fashion in this sense is important it determines whether one is in the group or out the group (Pomeranian, 2008). However a particular fashion trend is not for everyone as in not everyone can own it, in other words not everyone will suit every fashion trend, and therefore if he or she does not own the look then others will end up labeling him or her as a try hard and become out castes (Pomeranian, 2008).Overall fashion has drastically changed since the fifteenth century, from fashion being only available to aristocrats to fashion being mass produced for everyone that can afford it. An external cause for this change would be when the French exposed the style of boh emianism and the internal cause is that not only nobles and aristocrats have access to the fashion but also those who are wealthy thus making fashion more accessible to the public, the French Revolution accelerated this process.This continued until fashion became entirely exposed to the public and every one now has the right to be fashionable, fashion is then mass produced due to the increase of demands. This then became a modern internal cause for fashion is that people wants to discover, identify and distinguish themselves yet feel like they belong therefore they imitate those they new or admire and try to become part of the in group to not feel out castes. Since fashion has become democratic there is now more competition for fashion nowadays. References Edwards T. 1997, Men in the mirror mens fashion, masculinity and consumer society,

Acting White Essay

Bill Cosby puts all in all African Americans in the category of ignorant and ghetto, living in the lower class. In the text he often attacks single m new(prenominal)s with no father in the household. Also, he attacks innocent children with bad parenting. I believe Cosby makes such statements because most of them are true. Even though I am a part of the minority or lower class I strongly throw and disagree with Cosbys remarks. Thats because it is a high percentage of black households that are ignorant alike(p) Cosby is saying, but all are not financially able.Cosby reflects on lower economic stack are not holding up their end in this deal. His meaning is lower class people are not parenting. This argument is true and false, close to lower class parents are whether it taking working 2 or 3 jobs or leaving there children with a babysitter to provide for their family. near parents arent even trying leaving their children in the homes with no food or clothing. Cosby states where the fathers in our heritage are and I agree with his statement because African American has percentages of fathers not in their childrens lives.Most fathers dont even feature the chance either being incarcerated or mothers not having any type of relationship with them because the lacks of financial help with the children. In my hometown of Akron, I percolate examples of this problem everyday, signs posted with fathers name and how much owed back on child support. People putting their clothes on backward Isnt that a sign of something gone wrong? Hats worn on backwards, pants plenty around the crack isnt that a sign of something? Cosby makes impairment statements in his text.I agree it is something wrong with it but the African American society accepts it. Also, we see it on television in rappers, singers, actors and athletes so it isnt acceptable to change. Like a cold this is the most common symptom in the black community. I see young toddlers all the way to grown men with their pan ts below their crack everyday in my hometown as well as other cities. I even see it in places it shouldnt be seen at public and private universities. At my University, central state, I see this problem is all over the United States and change hasnt yet been implemented.Bill Cosby states we have millionaire professional athletes such as football and basketball players who cant check or write two paragraphs. I dont agree with this statement, I am a student athlete and I can file and write paragraphs Im pretty sure its more athletes with reading and writing skills. Also states most African Americans have names like Shaniqua, Taliqua and Mohammad, this is true we as a people have made our names acceptable to society, so employers will take us more serious. Cosby makes a searing statement in the text The idea is to one day get out of the projects.You dont just stay there. This statement is why I agree mostly with him. Most African Americans are living just to get by and not striving for excellence or even at least a Middle class lifestyle and it has been this way for decades. Last, the statement I agree with the most was we cannot blame white people. This statement is so true African Americans tend to blame white people for their faults. I feel that we cant blame people anymore because we have the uniform freedom and rights as them we live in a country where all are treated equal.In my hometown kids shoplifted in the malls and parents are called because their child is in the teenage delinquency home. The parents often raging at the police, as Cosby says why your child is stealing for anyway, we cant be so quick to blame whites indebtedness has to be on oneself or bad parenting. I agree 100% with Cosbys remarks because most of them were true. For African American people to disagree with such statements, we have to live up to higher standards and quit settling for less.

Human Indifference Essay

In the article Americans are shopping while Iraq burns, bobfloat Herbert implies that Americans are deeply absorbed in their experience interests and are therefore apathetic to developments in Iraq, and by extension the developments in any other place where the United States is at war like in Afghanistan. On the contrary, renowned photojournalist James Natchwey is of the opinion that Americans would like to be informed of what really is happening so that they can act responsively. This must have been his assent before embarking on his mission to film footage for the documentary War Photographer.A number of credible sources underline this apathetic stance adapted by many Americans regarding the suffering that emanates from wars waged by their nation in their name. This research paper aims to identify both their stances in detail with the aim of establishing which perspective is closer to the truth. It also pays a tribute to James Natchweys exemplary journalism. The State of the Am erican Society Bob Herbert creates a reference for his argument on Thanksgiving day here in the U. S. Shopping malls opened at midnight as Americans gleefully spend on the celebration.In the meantime, over 200 civilians had been killed by car bombs in the Iraqi city of Sadr. This is just one incident a majority of Americans go about their business oblivious of the suffering Iraqi civilians endure on a daily basis or the fatalities American troops encounter at the battlefields. If indeed they were conscious of the repercussions of the war, we would be up in protest fence these wars whose benefits to the American society cannot be ascertained. The apathy demonstrated by Americans may originate from the fact that precise few Americans are concerned with the nations foreign policy.As Ole R. Holsti points out, there is absence of sustained public attention to international issues (Holsti 2004, 285). This is demonstrated in the circumstances that led to the invasion of Iraq the Bush ju dicatory alleged without sufficient proof that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (Smith 2005) and connected the Baghdad regime with the Al-Qaeda terrorist network, and the American public was ready to believe these charges in the pretext that Iraq really was a threat to national security (Holsti 2004). Media in the U. S. as made it hard for Americans to know what to believe in or what to value. at that place is insufficient coverage of the destructiveness of the war as media executives strive to make profits in an overly commercialized industry. The importance of discussion is diluted as news is stripped of its credibility and the audience will have no ability to differentiate between the values of news and other forms of entertainment (Dadge & Schechter 2006, 103). As Bob Herbert points out, most Americans have no personal stake in the Iraqi war and are consequently indifferent to its outcomes.A short survey reveals that very few citizens would be willing to join the mili tary, no wonder most go about their business bearing indifference to the effects of the war on Iraqi civilians whose lives are shattered by war (Gott 2002) and U. S marines who die in the line of duty. The suggestion by Representative Charles Rangel that the Draft be reinstated implies that American politicians would be reluctant to approve of war if the possibility of their constituents being called into active service was real. With these facts out in the open, Herberts position is obviously more credible.Media apathy, domestic help lack of interest in foreign policy and general disinterest have all contributed to the absence of a collective sacrifice and sharing of the perfume of responsibility on the war. This is supported by the other sources cited in this paper. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy is a comprehensive text describing in detail American foreign policy since September 11th. Why War The Cultural Logic of Iraq, the Gulf War, and Suez is a thought-provoking text which pushes a endorser beyond the periphery of conventional sociological thought.David Dadge and Danny Schechters book exposes the ease with which the American public is in most case willing to acknowledge intuition reports without the desire to validate the background information. War Photographer James Natchwey demonstrates true heroism as he delves deep into some of the most dangerous and staring(a) spots on earth to bring pictures of what really goes on here to viewers. His work captivates audiences and instills empathy by relaying the destruction and heartbreak occasioned by conflict. He is an embodiment of courage, overlord dedication and humanitarianism.

Hewlett-Packard Swot Analysis Essay

Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is an American multinational hardw are and software corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. (from Wikipedia)And HP harvest-time lines include personal computing devices, enterprise servers, related storage devices, printers and imaging products. At the same time, HP markets products to household, small- and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises.HPs mission statement is that to provide product, services and solution of highest quality and gestate more value to our customers that earn their respect and loyalty. We can see that HP really concern or so consumers satisfactions from their mission. On Fortune 500, HP ranks 10 in 2012 and ranked 11 in 2011.SWOT analysis tool provides a structure for analyzing the internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization, any external opportunities and threats it faces. Band name can be a strength for HP which depart make people think good quality. Also , HP provides wide range of innovative products which attract more people to use their products. And HP dont use other companies technologies, they develop their own hardware and software. It can benefit HP because HP will be not limited by other companies. At the same time, HPs gross revenue are very high. They use different kinds of ways to promote products, like web technology, advertisement and so on. In financial part, HP has robust financials which contains low debt.In addition, HP also has weaknesses. The first angiotensin-converting enzyme is that no aggressive investment in research and development. No innovative technology and products will be developed. As a hardware and software corporation, HP must increase the investment in R&D to keep pace with the development of technology. No good people retention policies and weak controls are taken by HP. Only with good managers, technicists and workers can a company succeed.The external environment consists of opportunities and threats. Firstly, we co nverse the opportunities. With the development of the economy, HP has expended their retailed stores for customer convenience. Customers have easier access to the HP product. Also, the software and hardware of computer and stall phone are very popular and are developed quickly. The threats are very huge because many competitors are appearing, such as Dell, Lenovo and Acer. The competitors technology and pricing force HP to preface their technologies and to take many measures to low price. HP also has less coverage than competitor and low compatibility with non-HP product..

Native American Medicine Essay

The medical regains and handsd traditions used by the autochthonous Ameri supports be kinda interesting and different comp ared to modern day Anglo Saxon cures. Native Americans, using their basis of ideas and beliefs, pay back genuine a general idea of raw(a)istic cures and ameliorate processes. Although the cures and improve processes are more than different than Anglo Saxon ideas of curing and healing, the Native American processes tend to work well and even better than many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) Anglo Saxon cures. Native American medical and healing beliefs and processes are generally based on a more indwelling curing or purification process than the processes of modern day Anglo Saxons. numerous Native American healing processes select been exercisingd for around 40,000 years. Different Native American healing traditions have appeared to parting roots with different cultures, such as ancient Chinese traditions. Although many of the Native American healin g traditions appear to share roots with ancient Chinese traditions, the greatest influence on Native American healing is the environment in which they have lived. The different plants and animals around them influenced their healing practices to be all subjective. some other influence on their healing practices was other kinship groups. The migration of tribes around them allowed the tribes to share their knowledge of cancel cures. Trade was overly very helpful in Native American healing practices be display case many of the natural remedies required herbs from b secernate environments or long distances, and being able to trade with traveling tribes saved much travel metre and risk.Although Native American healing practices have proven to be successful, a lot of their traditions have been lost. Many of the practices were driven underground and lost because they became banned or illegal in many parts of the unite States. After 1978, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act wa spassed, and the Native Americans were once again allowed to practice their healing traditions. The long gap with let out practicing certain healing processes resulted in the loss of many of their practices, however. Even today, in that respect are still difficulties with Native Americans being allowed to perform different ceremonies and rituals because the land serves other purposes. (www.cancer.org).Native Americans have successfully lived for many years by using their own idea of natural cures and purification. Native American healing is a broad term that includes different healing beliefs and practices of hundreds of indigenous tribes or North America. It combines religion, spirituality, herbal euphony uses, and purification rituals that are used to come up to the indigenous people either medically, emotionally, or behaviorally. gibe to Lakota Sioux, the basis of natural beliefs and connections comes from the story of the white buffalo. The story begins with a woman appeari ng during the time of famine. She was wear a white buffalo skin and carrying a sacred pipe. After appearing to the tribe, she explained to them that the wooden paper was for the trees and everything growing on earth. Her red bowl was to symbolize the flesh and blood of all people and the green goddess was the breath of their prayers going to Wakan Tanka, the creator. The woman then presented the pipe ceremony to the tribe, which included cracks made to the four directions piece of music drums were played and sacred songs were sung. The people then began to understand the connection between sky and earth and the atomic number 53 of all life. Before leaving, the woman said she would return when the time was right and turned into a buffalo, changing colors several times. Finally, she became a white buffalo calf and disappeared. The people followed her t individuallyings and were no longer hungry. eld later, a white buffalo calf, very rare, appeared and changed colors throughou t its life. The calf is supposed to be the woman. (www.native-americans-online.com). Through this story, many indigenous tribes have believed nature to be the cures and purifications needed for the soul to become whole.There are many types of Native American healing practices, and they are promoted to help with a variety of ills. Some of the most frequent aspects of Native American healing include the use of herbal remedies, purify rituals, shamanism, and symbolic healing rituals to treat illnesses of both the body and spirit. Herbal remedies are used to treat many physical conditions. Practiti nonpareilrs use purifying rituals to cleanse the body and prepare the soul for healing. Shamanism is based on the idea that spirit cause illness, and a Native American healer called a shaman focuses on using spiritual healing powers to treat people. Symbolic healing rituals, which can involve family and friends of the sick person, are used to invoke the pot likker to help heal the sick person. (www.cancer.org).The Native American belief in spirituality caused the Native Americans to believe that diseases are caused by an object piercing the soul through sorcery. A disease can to a fault be believed to be the complete absence of a free soul. Their naturalistic beliefs allowed them to believe that even diseases are considered natural occurrences, and because they occur naturally, they can be cured naturally as well. By using natural remedies, care for men plan of attacked to cure diseases that have invaded tribal villages. Natural remedies used by the medicine men included different concoctions of plants, fungi, or animals that could be eaten or rubbed on a certain champaign of the body to cure the illness.Before Europeans invaded Native American land, Native Americans had not had an extreme amount of inhabit in the treatment of disease. However, subsequently the Europeans invaded their land, they (the Europeans) brought many diseases with them. Some of the dea dly diseases included smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, typhoid, influenza, and pertussis or whooping cough. At the first sign of the diseases, the indigenous people continued exertioning their natural remedies, but after many failed attempts at curing the diseases, the people would often avoid the sick and leave them to die because they believed that fell spirits had taken over their soul. With the Europeans bringing many diseases to the indigenous land, the indigenous people believed the Europeans to be nuisance spirited and deadly. The many diseases brought by the Europeans caused a major Native American depopulation. In gear up to try to cure these diseases or other illnesses, Native Americans relied on the use of what they referred to as the medicine man or healer. The medicine man was very well educated on the surrounding nature and knew what naturalremedy would cure the illness. Often times, the medicine man would have to travel to other lands in order to find a certain p lant or a fungus that was needed in the remedy. Medicine men were very effective at curing illnesses because of the knowledge they had of nature.Not only did the Native Americans use natural remedies to cure illness, but they alike used natural purification processes in order to purify or cleanse their soul in an emotional healing process. The purifying ritual is a ceremony cognise as a excrete lodge, where the indigenous people would sit in extreme temperatures and sweat out the evil in them which allowed them to be cleansed. To begin the sweat lodge process, one must offer a pouch of tobacco to the medicine man. The tobacco is used to represent the spirit of the person presenting it. By offering the tobacco to the medicine man, one is asking him to work on their behalf in the spiritual world. When presenting the tobacco, one would also bring forth their specific desire such as an alcohol or drug problem.The sweat lodge process begins with the passing of what are known as tobacc o ties. Many tobacco ties are hung around inside the sweat lodge and each tobacco tie represents a prayer. The four sacred herbs, sage, sweet grass, cedar, and tobacco, are used in order to help purify the room and allow the spirits to work. Then rocks, primarily lava stones from volcanoes, are heated using a fire until they are white hot. at once the rocks are white hot, they are brought into the lodge in order to begin the sweating process. To keep the rocks hot, piss is poured onto them making an immense amount of steam and heating the lodge. Now that the purification process has finally begun, everyone sits in a circle and goes around, one person at a time, offering prayers. After all prayers have been given, the medicine man blends them all together in a mystical process emasculateing the severalise of sagaciousness to something beyond the physical form. This is where the real healing takes air.As the purification process comes to a conclusion, a new ceremony known as wop ela begins. Wopela is simply giving thanks. solely participants bring in gifts for the medicine man in order to thank him for leading them throughthe purification process. The medicine man begins a prayerful state and takes the prayer ties and sets them up in the north end of the center. This allows the prayers to be carried to the Great odor in a good way. The medicine man then blows out the candles the lodge becomes pitch dark. some other emotional healing strategy is the use of the medicine wheel. The medicine wheel was an important transformation in the process of Native American tribes realizing that they are much different from each other. Basically, the medicine wheel was a sheet decorated in special symbols, colors, or stones that allowed others know about the inhabitants of the tribe. One was placed in front of every tepee or hut to notify others of that individuals strengths and weaknesses. By doing so, each individual had their own guidelines to follow for personal grow th by realizing what one needed to learn and what one needed to teach. After many generations, the people began to lose the concept of blame and anger upon others. One tribe member from Arizona states If I said to you, Does anyone ever make you angry? you would say yes. But in reality, this is totally impossible. You choose to be angry by the way you process the event. This is something you were taught to do as a child. If you could imagine not one person in all of New York City having the concept of anger, thats what it was like during that time period of no wars before the white man came.(www.native-americans-online.com). By placing a naive wheel outside their homes, the Native Americans began to learn to cope with their anger and not place blame upon others. This shows a strong cultural emotional healing process because it rid the tribes of anger and blame on others.endemical people also believed in psychiatric healing beliefs by altering their state of mind. They were able to a lter their state of mind through events such as drumming and chanting rituals, Salish spirit dancing, and visual stimuli. All processes were used in order to calm down an individual. The drumming or chanting of rituals acted as a concentration device to its listeners. A constant beat or pattern would reduce the tendency of the mind to wander. It would also enter the brain wave patterns and sometimes the subjects brainwaves would change to match the frequency of the drumming or beating. As for the altered states produced in the Salish Spirit Dance, thesensory stimulation would release neuro-endocrine opiod agents that would produce a flier experience during that dance performance.It is quite obvious that the healing processes of the indigenous people vary greatly from the healing processes of modern day Anglo Saxons. For example, in seeking a cure, Anglo Saxons search for a man made husking to lead to a cure where as the indigenous people rely on nature for their cures. Although th e Anglo Saxon solutions are very effective, the natural remedies also work and are less harmful. All Anglo Saxon cures come through quick solutions but at the risk of side effects which are not present in natural remedies. One belief of the indigenous people was that the illness was caused by nature, so nature can cure the illness.Another difference in Anglo Saxon healing processes is emotional or psychiatric healing. Anglo Saxon traditions in emotional healing include the use of a therapist or other person to talk to in order to solve the problem. The indigenous people use a similar cure, omit they seek a higher cure such as the sweat lodge in order to be in contact with the spirit world. Anglo Saxons also place blame and problems on others in an attempt to relieve themselves of the pressure or danger of events. The indigenous people however, do not like to place blame on others, but on themselves. The indigenous people begin looking for a cure inside oneself in order to fix the problem.Although many rituals and healing processes of the indigenous people are much different than the processes of the modern day Anglo Saxons, the processes of the indigenous people have proven to work effectively in curing the illness. Their belief in having a pure soul contributes to the rituals they perform in order to heal. twain Anglo Saxon and Native American healing processes have been proven effective, with the difference being the focus of the solution. Native American medical and healing beliefs and processes are generally based on a more natural curing or purification process than the processes of modern day Anglo Saxons.Sources Usedhttp//muwww-new.marshall.edu/jrcp/VE13%20N1/jrcp%2013%201%20thomason.pdf http//www.native-americans-online.com/index.htmlhttp//www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/native-american-healing

One Should Never Judge a Person by External Appearances Essay

I certainly insure with the above statement. Never judge a book by its cover. The word book also refers to individual. outdoor(a) appearances can trick us. If you only disembodied spirit at a person by his outlook, you will neer find and have a true friend because the most important is inner beauty or character.Person who has fierce face, frightening appearances looks like a rascal whitethorn be a favorable and kind person. He probably has reason to act like that. It may be caused of family problems, a stinking memories or something that wont even pops up in our mind. Dont ever be afraid to say hi or just give a smile. It will impact something good. Usually, person like that doesnt want to greet others first. He may be a nice person.In the other hand, a good-looking person may be a bad one. We wont realize that he has an evil plan to prick behind us because his outlook covers everything. They may look friendly outside but depraved inside. Silent doesnt ceaselessly mean golden . He may think or even plan something bad when hes in silent. He may hide his anger deep inside and covers it so that nobody will know. But, he cant keep it for the rest of his life. Sometimes, he must be angry and usually it will be more than frightening than people in common.So, at the end, by this essay, I just want to say that outer(a) beauty isnt the most important, but inner beauty is. An outlook hide whats inside. But, it doesnt mean a good-looking person is always bad. A good friend is he who always be there for us although we dont see them.

Hardvard Case: TA Answers

1. This is a good allocate for HPTs sh areholders and they did it for several reasons First of all, TAs direct business was spun off for federal income task considerations. To maintain its status as an REIT for tax purpose, a large majority of HPTs gross income had to be generated from real estate rents or mortgage interest. To meet these requirements, HPT was forced to divest itself of TAs operate business.Second, the management of HPT believed that the rental income from TAs sites would significantly diversify its revenue stream by providing painting to a historically recession-resistant industry that did not follow the cyclical patterns of the hotel industry. Finally, the spin-off will unlock the vague care for of TA and the shareholder of HPT will receive shares of TA. As a result, this will create observe for shareholders of HPT. 2. The HPT use the spin off for several reasons Carve-out is partial spin-off, only unlocking partial hidden value.Most of the time, an virt ue carve-out ultimately results in the parent company fully spinning off the subsidiary. For HPT, carve-out cant supporter them to avoid tax. Sell-off means divvy uping assets, divisions, and subsidiaries to another corporation. For HPT, since they realise just acquired TA, they have no reason to sell it unless there is a bigger profit than the sum of acquisition cost and the spin-off benefit. Issuing introduce variant no legal separation or transfer of assets from HPT to TA First, issuing tracking stock will dilute the shareholders ownership.Instead, new spun off stock has no equity claim on the assets or cash flows of the old parent company (HTP). Second, for tax consideration, issuing tracking stock wont assistant HPT to avoid tax. Third, overvalued market moods. if the investors are over-optimistic round the industry of TA, HPT can take advantage of it and have higher capital gain. But there is no evidence that investors have such mood about the TA industry. 3. Number of shares outstanding = 8628425(Exhibit 4), harm per share=29 Equity value = shares outstanding * price= $250224325.There is no debt for new TA, cash equals $213205000 (Exhibit 7) Capital lease obligation = $105252000 (Exhibit 7). EV=Equity value+ debt (short+ long)-cash (and equivalents)+capital lease obligation= $142271325= $142. 27 (MM) The HPT gives $213 million to TA in order to cover up real estate properties and help TA to run its business without increasing leverage ratio. Also, it can help create better balance sheet, thus facilitating publicly trading and decreasing default risk by and large. 4. What is the fair value of one share of New-TA? 1) Multiple valuation method acting We use Pantry (PTRY) as comparable firm from three comparable firms. Because Pantry has a similar business model as New-TA, it leases most of its stores for operation instead of owning them (it owns 368 stores, but leases 1125 stores). Nevertheless, the other two firms own most of their stores, so they are excluded from our selection. Thus, EV/EBITDA=7. 1(data for 2007) Post-acquisition depreciation $18029000(Exhibit 9) Post-acquisition EBIT $14936000(Exhibit 9)EBITDA = $32965000. (Exhibit 9) Based on our multiple valuations using 7. 1 times of EBITDA multiple, the fair value of New-TA is 234. 05(MM) Equity Value= EV- debt + cash Capital lease obligation= $341. 99(MM) Price per share= $341. 99mm/8628425= $39. 64 2) DCF method (see Excel) 5. After the spin-off, New-TA has no debt outstanding so that it is easy to finance in the future operation. On fade of that, the companys leverage is low, which decreases the default risk of the company by and large.HPT retains its real estate and gives its operating business to the New TA, hoping that the New TA could focus on the its strong point and develop more than aggressively in the market. Besides, there will generate some tax beneficial due to the spin-off transaction, which increases net income of the company. In addition, gross mar gins of New-TA are incredibly high, encouraging the company to grow at a faster speed and generate large amount of gross profits.

Criticisms Against Ethical Theories

Criticisms leveled against Ethical Theories 1. Criticisms leveled against Consequentialism. Consequentialism is al-Qaidad on the consequences of boutions. It is slightlytimes c completely(a)ed a teleological theory, from the Greek word telos, signifi give the bouncefulce goal. check to consequentialism, actions be h angiotensin-converting enzymest or wound depending on whether their consequences further the goal. The goal (or, the ethical) lowlife be something like the happiness of tot every(prenominal)y citizenry or the spreading of peace and safety. Anything which contri yetes to that goal is right and twothing which does non is rail at.Actions ar judgment to nurse no good range in themselves (no rightness or treatness), save solitary(prenominal) get moral evaluate from whether or non they predate to the goal. John Stuart Mill was a famous consequentialist. Consequentialists would speculate that d accepting tidy sum is not right or wrong in itself, it depends on the outcome. Killing an sincere child would be a bad thing because it would decrease the happiness of its family and let no good results. Killing a terrorist would be a good thing because, although it would upset his family, it would make volume safer.The important criticism of consequentialism is that it would offer whatsoever action in pursuit of a good cause, fifty-fifty actions that most mint would scan were get inly mor tot every last(predicate)yy wrong, a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) as torture, killing children, genocide, etc. 2. Criticisms leveled against Deontology The word deontology comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. According to this theory, it is your duty to do actions which ar right and not do those which argon wrong. Actions ar thought to be right or wrong in themselves. For example, killing peck and lying be wrong, manduction with some separates who atomic number 18 in need is right.Immanuel Kant was a famous deontolog ist. E. g. While trekking in the Andes you come across a guerilla leader who has captured 20 local villagers. The guerilla says if you testament shoot bingle hostage he testament let the diversenesser(a) 19 go escaped. If you refuse to shoot, he exit kill all 20. In the thought experiment the guerilla leader is telling the law and you take for further cardinal choices to shoot, or to refuse. elect to shoot, and you be a consequentialist, motivated by saving the 19 innocent people.Choose to refuse, and you atomic number 18 a deontologist, motivated by the occurrence that it is al manners wrong to kill an innocent person. The main criticism of deontology is that it is selfish, a way of avoiding getting your hands dirty (in a moral sense) musical composition gloss over allowing terrible things to happen. For instance, in the thought experiment you would not rent shot everybody but 20 innocent people would st equal to(p) die. You could have prevented this outcome if y ou werent afraid to take any guilt on yourself. 3. Criticisms of Utilitarianism odiousnessBy far and and away the most universal criticism of utilitarianism can be reduced plainly to I dont like it or It doesnt suit my way of thinking. For an example of this, here(predicate)s something from someone who might select to remain name little. Producing the greatest good for the greatest number is fine as long as you are not hurting someone you trulyly love in the process. For instance, with the trolley range, I would rather kill 5 people on the main track than my mother on the spur track. Utilitarianism runs into chores when sentiment is involve Utilitarianism is alleged to be faulty in the way it requires us to think some all kinds of actions to maintain the felicific calculus in disregard to any feared distaste of the result. For example, some issues or potential actions are (to a non-utilitarian) morally unthinkable Utilitarianism does indeed have something to say on t his issue otherwise it would suggest that the manner of this extra someone was of no importance. I suggest it as a sexual morality of utility, that it does not randomly discount value depending on some detail of the situation all interests count connote and fairly. The occurrence that opponents of utilitarianism admit that they wint even ge advance some situations seems to me to be most damning to their credibility, and indicative of their general irrationality on matters ethical. The seam from distaste is very much expressed as a suggestion that utilitarianism doesnt run lavish support for individuals rights. But what is a right, and what is its justification? If the justification of a right depends on its tendency to pass on happiness and prevent suffering, then(prenominal) it is only if redundant since this is the sole purpose of utility.And if rights arent justified in these footing, how are they justified what on earth are they actually good for? Of what use are they? It is slackly fork over that the proponent of ethical rights has very unclear thinking as to what rights are and wherefore they (should) exist and it is then of unclear importance that utilitarianism does not support them. Doesnt utilitarianism imply that, if we found a drug which had the sole act of producing happiness, we ought to mass produce and consume it?And, since happiness is just an emotion which can be chemically induced, isnt it a bit silly to make it the highest order objective? It is quite strange that umteen people will accept the pursuit of happiness as one of lifes fundamental entitlements, yet should suddenly develop spartan jousts as soon as the quarry appears obtainable. It seems they dont have a problem with someone trying to happen upon happiness, rather they are only concerned when that someone has a reasonable prospect of success in their attempts.Perhaps their fixation with unhappiness would be satisfied by ainly abstaining from joy but , if it goes further such that they would attempt to prevent individuals from attaining happiness even at no cost to others, then (from a utilitarian dit of view) such people are despotical and a menace to society. It is possible that many peoples curse to the idea of everlasting happiness is caused by incomplete consideration of the issue. It could be that people have rifle so jaded by mistaken claims for the desirability of various intentional objects that they recall that drug-induced happiness hardly would not be durably satisfying.Since any whimsey of happiness expensey of the name includes that of satisfaction, it follows that a truly joyous person cannot be dissatisfied, so this problem can never arise. Happiness, in the utilitarian sense, includes the exemption from suffering. A charge of triviality for pleasure can perhaps be do, if our only frame of reference is the companionship of felicific states currently achievable, but it is altogether less plausible again st the depths of suffering currently experienced by the worlds less fortunate beings. ImpossibilityThe second most common criticism of utilitarianism is that it is impossible to apply that happiness (etc) cannot be quantified or measured, that at that place is no way of calculating a trade-off between intensity and extent, or intensity and probability (etc), or comparing happiness to suffering. If happiness was not measurable, words like happier or happiest could have no meaning I was happier yesterday than I am today would make no sense at all it can only have the meaning which we (or most of us, at any rate) notice that it has if we assume that happiness can be measured and compared. one should face the fact that goods are not needfully intersubstitutable and consider the outcome, for instance, of an intransigent trim backowner who, when his avenue of limes is to be destroyed for the motorway, asks for 1p compensation, since nothing can be compensation. 2 (One is reminded of the story of the mother handing out home-baked cookies as a special treat to her family. The youngest child, on finding his cookie to be slightly smaller than the others, smashes it up and storms out in tears. In his disappointment, he interprets a fine gift as an affront, and he would rather make things worse than better but then hes only a child.Adults, of course, have much less obvious and more subtle gist of smashing their cookies. ) Initially, it seems very odd that the landowner should ask for a penny. If nothing can be compensation, why does he not ask for nothing? What use is this tiny amount of money? Far from suggesting that the trees are invaluable, it suggests that any money he could get for them is worthless to him But, we whitethorn simmer down ask, why the penny? And then we realize its a token a chip in a psychological game ( often called brusque me ).One can imagine the penny being carried approximately by the ex-landowner, and produced to evict pity from t hose unfortunates he manages to convince to listen to his story. That will be his best effort at compensating himself. Now suppose the scenario is revise slightly imagine the landowners daughter is dying from a terminal disease that the motorways supporters offer to pay for the new-made and expensive cure (which the landowner could not otherwise afford) in exchange for the land and that they will not proceed without his permission. Are we still to presume that nothing can be compensation for his trees, not even the life of his daughter?Or will the landowner decide that his daughters life is more important than his exquisite view? It seems presumable. But suppose not suppose he chooses to keep the trees and lose his daughter. Does this show that the value of the lime avenue isnt convertible? Of course not, just that he values the trees more than his offspring. If the two antithetical values were inconvertible, he would have no way to decide one way or the other no way to choo se between them. The fact that people can and do weigh-up and trade-off values, for all subjects of things, shows that it is both possible and practical to do so.In the original scenario, the sensible thing to do would be to ask for enough money to buy a new bit of land, and to embed a new avenue of limes on it but, since the principle of utility does not imply the absence of fools, this criticism has no effect, and we neednt consider this matter further. Impracticality The third most common criticism is that it is too troublesome to apply that we cannot calculate all the effects for all the individuals ( any because of the large number of individuals involved, and/or because of the uncertainty).The principle of utility is, essentially, a description of what makes something right or wrong so in order for it to locomote, someone moldiness give an example of something which is useable but obviously wrong. The principle does not imply that we can calculate what is right or wro ng completely accurately, in advance, or at all It does not harm the principle of utility at all merely to comment that it is difficult for us to work out what is right it is merely a lament against the benevolent condition.The idea of practicality is often used to suggest a problem exists in the theory, when it fact it does not. For example how far does one, under utilitarianism, have to research into the possibilities of maximally beneficent action, including prevention? 3 The answer is simple, and entirely obvious as far as it is useful to do so That is, far enough so that we get the optimal trade-off between planning and implementing, so that we maximize our effectiveness as agents.The does imply that, in some cases, it may not be best to apply the felicific calculus at all if the problem is one that we have faced many times before, and always r separatelyed the same conclusion or if the case presents itself as an emergency, and isnt open to extended consideration we can for ego the calculus and act immediately. insufficiency (of scope) One argument which some people propose as being more sensible than other criticisms, is that utilitarianism is fine, so far as it goes, but that it fails to consider some sources of value, and that it will and so produce the wrong results when these variant sources conflict. in that location is potential for confusion here sometimes utilitarianism is used to specifically for hedonistic utilitarianism and, sometimes, it kernel a particular proposition class of ethical theory (something like value-maximizing consequentialism) under this meaning, an ethical theory which held the macrocosm of plastic forks as supremely valuable, and therefore tried to maximize their number, would be plastic fork utilitarianism. 5 So, theories which have other intrinsic values than happiness and exemption from suffering can be accommodated within a utilitarian scheme.As for those other things that are suggested as having value, there are a few worth mentioning life, friendship, and knowledge among them. I think it is notable that these things are valued, but that they also generally create happiness I suggest the reason that they are valued is precisely because they advance happiness. But, if they didnt, would we still value them? Does someone who suffers too much still value their life? Surely not, or else there would be no suicides. Do we value a friendship if we get no pleasure from it?On the contrary, it is more likely that we would define our friends as those people about whom we enjoyed being. And is it worthwhile learning and philosophising, if our knowledge is never of any use at all? Or, rather, is it just so much meta- somatogenetic stamp collecting? The case against these other goals is quite clear. 4. A Critique of Ethical Egoism Ethical egoism, like all merely subjective philosophies, is prone to constant self-contradiction because it supports all individuals self interests.It also can lead to ve ry repellant conclusions, such as choosing not to intervene in a crime against another. Egoists have difficulty adjudicate anything that does not deal with them, which is one reason why ethical egoism is so impractical for people who are very aware of the world. The very legitimacy of the theory is often called into question because it prevents its own adherents from victorious reasonable stances on major governmental and genial issues and cannot in itself solve these issues. 5. Criticisms against Ethical RelativismA common argument against relativism suggests that it inherently contradicts, refutes, or stultifies itself the direction all is sex act classes either as a relative statement or as an absolute one. If it is relative, then this statement does not rule out absolutes. If the statement is absolute, on the other hand, then it provides an example of an absolute statement, proving that not all truths are relative. However, this argument against relativism only applies to relativism that positions truth as relativei. e. pistemological/truth-value relativism. More specifically, it is only strong forms of epistemological relativism that can come in for this criticism as there are many epistemological relativists who posit that some aspects of what is regarded as original are not universal, yet still accept that other universal truths exist (e. g. gas laws). However, such ejections need to be carefully justified, or anything goes. Another argument against relativism posits a Natural legality. Simply put, the physical universe works under basic principles the Laws of Nature.Some contend that a natural good Law may also exist, for example as advocated by Richard Dawkins in The God Delusion (2006)35 and communicate by C. S. Lewis in Mere Christianity (1952). 36 Dawkins said I think we face an equal but much more sinister challenge from the left, in the shape of cultural relativism the view that scientific truth is only one kind of truth and it is n ot to be especially privileged. 37 Aside from the general legitimacy of relativism, critics say it undermines morality, possibly resulting in anomie and complete Social Darwinism.Relativism denies that harming others is wrong in any absolute sense. The majority of relativists, of course, consider it immoral to harm others, but relativist theory allows for the opposite belief. In short, if an individual can believe it wrong to harm others, he can also believe it rightno matter what the circumstances. The problem of negation also arises. If everyone with differing opinions is right, then no one is. Thus instead of saying all beliefs (ideas, truths, etc. ) are as valid, one might just as well say all beliefs are equally worthless. (see article on Doublethink).Another argument is that if relativism presupposes that all beliefs are equally valid, it then implies that any belief clay holding itself to be the only valid one is untrue, which is a contradiction. An argument made by Hilary Putnam,38 among others, states that some forms of relativism make it impossible to believe one is in error. If there is no truth beyond an individuals belief that something is true, then an individual cannot hold their own beliefs to be false or mistaken. A related criticism is that relativizing truth to individuals destroys the attribute between truth 6. Criticism of deservingness EthicsAccording to critics, a major problem with the theory is the difficulty of establishing the record of the virtues, especially as different people, cultures and societies often have vastly different opinions on what constitutes a virtue. Some proponents counter-argue that any character trait delineate as a virtue moldiness be universally regarded as a virtue for all people in all times, so that such cultural relativism is not relevant. others, however, argue that the concept of virtue must(prenominal) indeed be relative and grounded in a particular time and place, but this in no way negates th e value of the theory, merely keeps it current.Another objection is that the theory is not action-guiding, and does not centralize on what sorts of actions are morally permitted and which ones are not, but rather on what sort of qualities someone ought to shelter in order to become a good person. Thus, a virtue theorist may argue that someone who commits a murder is severely lacking in several important virtues (e. g. compassion and fairness, among others), but does proscribe murder as an inherently immoral or impermissible sort of action, and the theory is therefore useless as a universal norm of acceptable conduct uitable as a base for legislation. Virtue theorists may retort that it is in fact possible to base a judicial system on the moral notion of virtues rather than rules (modern theories of law related to Virtue Ethics are cognize as virtue jurisprudence, and focus on the importance of character and human excellence as irrelevant to moral rules or consequences). They arg ue that Virtue Ethics can also be action-guiding through ceremonial occasion of everlasting(a) agents as examplars, and through the life-long process of moral learning, for which quick-fix rules are no substitute.Some have argued that Virtue Ethics is self-centred because its primary concern is with the agents own character, whereas morality is supposed to be about other people, and how our actions affect other people. Thus, any theory of ethics should require us to consider others for their own sake, and not because particular actions may benefit us. Some argue that the whole concept of personal well-being (which is essentially just self-interest) as an ethical master value is mistaken, especially as its very personal genius does not admit to comparisons between individuals.Proponents counter that virtues in themselves are concerned with how we respond to the needs of others, and that the good of the agent and the good of others are not two separate aims, but both result from t he make for of virtue. Other critics are concerned that Virtue Ethics leaves us hostage to luck, and that it is unfair that some people will be lucky and receive the help and en resolutionment they need to attain moral maturity, while others will not, through no fault of their own.Virtue Ethics, however, embraces moral luck, line that the vulnerability of virtues is an essential disport of the human condition, which makes the attainment of the good life all the more valuable. Cultural diversity Some point out virtue ethics in relation to the difficulty involved with establishing the nature of the virtues. They argue that different people, cultures, and societies often have vastly different perspectives on what constitutes a virtue. For example, many would have once considered a virtuous woman to be quiet, servile, and industrious.This conception of female virtue no longer holds true in many modern societies. Alasdair MacIntyre responds to this criticism, by arguing that any acc ount of the virtues must indeed be generated out of the association in which those virtues are to be actd The very word ethics implies ethos. That is to say that the virtues are, and necessarily must be, grounded in a particular time and place. What counts as virtue in fourth century capital of Greece would be a ludicrous guide to proper behavior in twenty- commencement ceremony century Toronto, and debility versa.But, the important question in virtue ethics as to what kind of person one ought to be, which may be answered differently depending on the ethos, can still give real direction and purpose to people. drop of moral rules Another criticism of virtue ethics is that it lacks absolute moral rules which can give clear guidance on how to act in specific circumstances such as abortion, embryo research, and euthanasia. Martha Nussbaum responds to this criticism, by saying that there are no absolute rules. In a war situation, for example, the rule that you must not kill an inno cent person is impractical.According to Nussbaum, it is the virtues that are absolutes, and we should endeavour for them. If elected leaders strive for them, things will go well. On the issue of embryo research, Alasdair MacIntyre suggests that people first need to understand the loving situation in which although many people are proscribe about embryonic stem-cell research, they are not upset with the fact that thousands of embryos actually die at various stages in the IVF (in vitro fertilization) process. Then, says MacIntyre, people need to set out the issue with virtues such as wisdom, right ambition, and temperance.Thus, some virtue ethicists argue that it is possible to base a judicial system on the moral notion of virtues rather than on rules. 7. Critiques of Normative Contractarianism Many critiques have been leveled against particular thrustarian theories and against hugarianism as a framework for prescriptive thought about justice or morality. (See the incoming on c ontemporary approaches to the social contract. ) Jean Hampton criticized Hobbes in her book Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, in a way that has direct relevance to contemporary contractarianism.Hampton argues that the characterization of individuals in the state of nature leads to a dilemma. Hobbes state of nature as a potential war of all against all can be generated either as a result of passions (greed and fear, in particular) or rationality (prisoners dilemma reasoning, in which the rational players each choose to renege on agreements made with each other). But if the passions account is correct, then Hampton argues, the contractors will still be motivated by these passions after the social contract is drawn up, and so will fail to comply with it.And if the rationality account is correct, then rational actors will not comply with the social contract any more than they will cooperate with each other before it is made. This critique has an analog for Gauthiers theory, in t hat Gauthier must also claim that without the contract individuals will be stuck in some socially sub-optimal situation that is bad enough to motivate them to make concessions to each other for some agreement, yet the reason for their inability to cooperate without the contract cannot continue to operate after the contract is made.Gauthiers proposed solution to this problem is to argue that individuals will choose to dispose themselves to be constrained (self-interest) maximizers rather than straightforward (self-interest) maximizers, that is, to retrain themselves not to think first of their self-interest, but rather to dispose themselves to keep their agreements, provided that they find themselves in an environment of like-minded individuals. But this solution has been found dubitable by many commentators. (See Vallentyne, 1991) Hampton also objects to the contemporary contractarian assumption that fundamental interaction is merely instrumentally valuable.She argues that if inte raction were only valuable for the fruits of cooperation that it bears for self-interested cooperators, then it would be unlikely that those cooperators could successfully solve the compliance problem. In short, they are likely not to be able to motivate morality in themselves without some natural inclination to morality. Interestingly, Hampton agrees with Gauthier that contractarianism is right to require any moral or semi governmental norms to appeal to individuals self-interest as a limitation on self-sacrifice or exploitation of any individual.In an important article, On macrocosm the Object of Property, African-American law professor Patricia Williams offers a critique of the contract metaphor itself. Contracts require breakaway agents who are able to make and carry out promises without the aid of others. Historically, while white men have been treated as these pure wills of contract theory, Blacks and women have been treated as anti-will dependent and irrational. Both ideal s are false whole people, she says, are dependent on other whole people.But by define some as contractors and others as incapable of contract, whole classes of people can be excluded from the realm of justice. This point has been taken up by other critics of contractarianism, such as Eva Kittay (1999) who points out that not only are dependents such as children and disabled people left out of consideration by contractarian theories, but their caretakers needs and interests will tend to be underestimated in the contract, as well.David Hume was an early critic of the validity of social contract theory, arguing against any theory based on a historic contract, on the grounds that one should not be bound by the consent of ones ancestors. He also questioned to what extent the fall-back state of nature which underlies most social contract theory is actually historically accurate, or whether it is just a vatic or possible situation. Others have pointed out that, with an assumed initial po sition which is sufficiently dire (such as that posited by Hobbes), Contractarianism may lead to the legitimization of Totalitarianism (as Hobbes himself foresaw).Some commentators have argued that a social contract of the type described cannot be considered a legitimate contract at all, on the grounds that the agreement is not fully voluntary or without coercion, because a government can and will use force against anyone who does not wish to enter into the contract. In Rousseaus conception of the social contract, even individuals who disagree with elements of the social contract must nevertheless agree to abide by it or risk punishment (they must be agonistic to be unload).It is argued that this idea of force negates the requirement that a contract be entered into voluntarily, or at least to permit individuals to abstain from entering into a contract. In response, it has been countered that the name contract is perhaps jerry-built (social compact has been suggested as an alterna tive), and that anyway individuals explicitly indicate their consent simply by remain in the jurisdiction. Either way, social contract theory does seem to be more in harmony with contract law in the time of Hobbes and Locke (based on a mutual exchange of benefits) than in our own.Other critics have questioned the assumption that individuals are always self-interested, and that they would actually want the benefits of society supposedly offered by the contract. A further objection sometimes raised is that Contractarianism is more of a descriptive theory than a normative guide or a justification. 8. Critiques of Rights Theory Critiques of rights come in two forms. The first is an attack on the substance of doctrines that give rights a central place.These critiques allege that the content of such doctrines is, in one way or other, malformed or unjustified. Here we find, for example, the criticism that natural rights doctrines are so much level(p) deponeion, and that utilitarian ri ghts tend to be implausibly weak. The second form of critique attacks the wrangle of rights itself. The objection here is that it is inappropriate or counterproductive to express at least some kinds of normative concerns in healthy injury of rights. We should, according to the second form of critique, reduce or avoid rights talk. Critiques of Rights Doctrine Marx attacked the substance of the revolutionary 18th century American and French political documents that proclaimed the fundamental rights of man emancipation, equality, security, property, and the free exercise of religion. Marx objected that these alleged rights derive from a false conception of the human individual as unrelated to others, as having interests can be defined without reference to others, and as always potentially in conflict with others.The rights-bearing individual is an insulate monad withdrawn behind his individual(a) interests and whims and separated from the community. (Marx 1844, 146) The right of property, Marx asserted, exemplifies the isolating and anti-social character of these alleged rights of man. On the one hand, the right of property is the right to keep others at a distance the licit tantamount(predicate) of a barbed wire fence. On the other hand, the right of property allows an owner to transfer his resources at his own pleasure and for his own gain, without regard even for the desperate need for those resources elsewhere. comparablely, Marx held that the much-celebrated individual right to liberty reinforces selfishness. Those who are ascribed the right to do what they wish so long as they do not hurt others will perpetuate a culture of egoistic obsession. As for equality, the achievement of equal rights in a liberal state merely distracts people from noticing that their equality is purely formal a society with officially equal rights will continue to be divided by huge inequalities in economic and political effect. Finally, these so-called natural rights a re in fact not natural to humans at all.They are simply the defining elements of the rules of the modern mode of production, perfectly suited to fit each individual into the capitalist machine. Communitarians (Taylor, Walzer, MacIntyre, Sandel) sound several of the same themes in their criticisms of contemporary liberal and libertarian theories. The communitarians object that humans are not, as such theories assume, antecedently individuated. Nozicks state of nature theorizing, for example, errs in presuming that individuals outside of a stable, state-governed social order will develop the autonomous capacities that make them deserving of rights.Nor should we attempt, as in Rawlss original position, to base an argument for rights on what individuals would choose in abstraction from their particular identities and community attachments. There is no way to establish a substantive political theory on what all rational agents want in the abstract. Rather, theorists should look at the particular social contexts in which real people live their lives, and to the meanings that specific goods carry within different cultures.This criticism continues by accusing liberal and libertarian theories of being falsely universalistic, in avowing that all societies should change form themselves to fit within a standard-sized cage of rights. Insofar as we should admit rights into our understanding of the world at all, communitarians say, we should see them as part of ongoing practices of social self-interpretation and negotiation and so as rules that can deviate materially between cultures. These kinds of criticisms have been discussed in detail (e. g. Gutmann 1985, Waldron 1987b, Mulhall and Swift 1992). Their validity turns on weighty issues in moral and political theory. What can be said here is that a common theme in most of these criticismsthat prominent rights doctrines are in some way excessively laissez-faire(a) or atomisticneed not cut against any theory merely bec ause it uses the style of rights. Ignatieff (2003, 67) errs, for example, when he charges that rights language cannot be parsed or translated into a nonindividualistic, communitarian framework.It presumes moral identity and is nonsensical outside that assumption. As we saw above, the language of rights is able to accommodate rightholders who are individuals as such, but also individuals considered as members of groups, as well as groups themselves, states, peoples, and so on. Indeed the non-individualistic potential of rights-language is more than a formal possibility. The doctrine of international human rightsthe modern first cousin of eighteenth century natural rights theoryascribes several significant rights to groups.The international Convention against Genocide, for example, forbids actions intending to destroy any national, ethnic, racial or religious group and both of the human rights Covenants ascribe to peoples the right to self-determination. such(prenominal) examples s how that the language of rights is not individualistic in its essence. Critiques of the Language of Rights The language of rights can resist the charge that it is necessarily complicit with individualism.However, critics have accused rights talk of impeding social progress Our rights talk, in its absoluteness promotes unrealistic expectations, heightens social conflict, and inhibits dialogue that might lead toward consensus, accommodation, or at least the discovery of common ground. In its calm concerning responsibilities, it seems to condone acceptance of the benefits of living in a democratic social welfare state, without accepting the similar personal and civic obligations.In its insularity, it shuts out potentially important aids to the process of self-correcting learning. All of these traits promote mere assertion over reason-giving. Glendon (1991, 14) here draws out some of the detrimental practical consequences of the popular corporation between rights and conclusive reas ons that we saw above. Since rights assertions suggest conclusive reasons, people can be tempted to assert rights when they want to end a discussion instead of continuing it.One plays a right as a trump card when one has run out of arguments. Similarly, the ready availability of rights language may lead parties initially at odds with each other toward confrontation instead of negotiation, as each side escalates an arms-race of rights assertions that can only be determined by a superior authority like a court. One line of feminist theory has picked up on this line of criticism, identifying the peremptory and rigidifying handle of rights with the confrontational masculine voice. (Gilligan 1993)It is not inevitable that these unfortunate tendencies will afflict those who make use of the language of rights. As we have seen, it may be plausible to hold that each right is absolute only within a elaborately gerrymandered area. And it may be possible to produce deep theories to justify w hy one has the rights that one asserts. However, it is plausible that the actual use of rights talk does have the propensities that Glendon suggests. It seems no accident that America, the land of rights, is also the land of litigation.Another deleterious consequence of rights talk that Glendon picks out is its tendency to move the moral focus toward persons as rightholders, instead of toward persons as bearers of responsibilities. This critique is developed by ONeill (1996, 12753 2002, 2734). A focus on rightholders steers moral reasoning toward the perspective of recipience, instead of toward the traditional active ethical questions of what one ought to do and how one ought to live. Rights talk also leads those who use it to neglect important virtues such as courage and beneficence, which are duties to which no rights correspond.Finally, the use of rights language encourages people to make impractical demands, since one can assert a right without attending to the desirability or e ven the possibility of burdening others with the corresponding obligations. Criticisms such as ONeills do not target the language of rights as a whole. They aim squarely at the dormant rights, and especially at claim-rights, instead of at the active privileges and powers. Nevertheless, it is again plausible that the spread of rights talk has boost the tendencies that these criticisms suggest.The modern chat of rights is characteristically deployed by those who see themselves or others as potential recipients, entitled to insist on certain benefits or protections. Describing fundamental norms in terms of rights has benefits as well as dangers. The language of rights can give clear expression to elaborate structures of independence and authority. When embodied in particular doctrines, such as in the international human rights documents, the language of rights can express in accessible terms the standards for minimally acceptable treatment that individuals can demand from those wit h power over them.Rights are also associated with historical movements for greater liberty and equality, so assertions of rights in pursuit of justice can carry a tintinnabulation that other appeals lack. Whether these benefits of using rights language over offset the dangers remains a live question in moral, political and level-headed theory. The Critique of Rights The critique of rights developed by critical legal theorists has five basic elements o The treat of rights is less useful in securing reform-minded social change than liberal theorists and politicians assume. Legal rights are in fact indeterminate and incoherent. o The use of rights discourse stunts human imagination and mystifies people about how law really works. o At least as prevailing in American law, the discourse of rights reflects and produces a kind of isolated individualism that hinders social solidarity and genuine human connection. o Rights discourse can actually impede reformist movement for genuine de mocracy and justice. Rights should not be credited with progressive political advances.In The Critique of Rights, 47 SMU Law Review, Mark Tushnet emphasizes the first theme in arguing that progressive lawyers overestimate the importance of their work because of an inflated and erroneous view of the role of the Supreme court in advancing progressive goals in the 1960s. That period of judicial leadership was aberrational in American floor and also more reactive and pro-active, depending on mass social movements rather than lawyers arguments. Legal victories also are often not enforced judicial victories do not obviate the need for ongoing political mobilization.Legal victories may have ideological value even where they lack material effects a court victory can mark the entry of previously excluded groups into the discourse of rights which holds ideological importance inside(a) the nation. Nonetheless, legal and political cultures inside the United States can also produce large cons equences from judicial losses for relatively powerless groups. Losing a case based on a claim of rights may in some cases lead the public to think that the claims have no merit and need not be given weight in policy debates.Robert Gordon similarly argues that even noted legal victories for blacks, for labor, for the poor, and for women did not postdate in fundamentally altering the social power structure. The labor movement secured the vitally important legal right to organize and strike, at the cost of fitting into a framework of legal regulation that sensible the legitimacy of managements making most of the important decisions about the conditions of work. Robert Gordon, Some Critical Theories of law and Their Critics, in The governance of Law 647 (David Kairys ed. , third edition, Basic Books stark naked York, 1998).Moreover, rights are double-edged, as demonstrated in the content of civil rights. Floor entitlements can be turned into ceilings (youve got your rights, but t hats all youll get). Formal rights without practical enforceable content are easily substituted for real benefits. Anyway, the powerful can always assert counter rights (to vested property, to derivative instrument treatment according to merit, to association with ones own kind) to the rights of the disadvantaged. Rights conflict and the conflict cannot be recessd by appeal to rights. Id. , at 657-68.The content of contemporary American rights in particular must be understood as failing to advance progressive causes. Current constitutional doctrine, for example, heavily favors so-called negative liberties (entitlements to be free of government interference) over positive liberties (entitlements to government protection or aid) and thus reinforces the deleterious public/private distinction. That distinction implies that neither government nor society as a whole are responsible for providing persons with the resources they need to exercise their liberties, and indeed, any governme ntal action risks violating private liberties.Current freedom of row doctrine accords protection to commercial speech and pornography, limits governmental regulation of private contributions to political campaigns, and forbids sanctions for hate speech. Such rules operate in the often-stirring language of individual freedom, but their effect is more likely to be regressive than progressive. Rights are indeterminate and incoherent. As Mark Tushnet puts it, nothing whatever follows from a courts adoption of some legal rule (except insofar as the very fact that a court has adopted the rule has some social impact the ideological dimension with which the critique of rights is concerned. Progressive legal victories occur, according to the indeterminacy thesis, because of the border social circumstances. At least as they figure in contemporary American legal discourse, rights cannot provide answer to real cases because they are cast at high levels of abstraction without clear applicati on to particular problems and because different rights frequently conflict or present gaps. Often, adjudicate try to resolve conflicts by attempting to balance individual rights against relevant social interests or by assessing the relative weight of two or more conflicting rights.These methods seem more revealing of individual judicial sensibilities and political pressures than specific reach of specific rights. Moreover, central rights are themselves internally incoherent. The right to freedom of contract, for example, combines freedom with control people should be free to bind themselves to agreements the basic idea is private ordering. But the laws reliance on courts to enforce contracts reveals the doctrines grant of power to the government to decide which agreements to enforce, and indeed what even counts as an agreement.Even more basically, freedom of contract implies that the freedom of both sides to the contract can be enhanced and protected, and yet no one stands able to know what actually was in the minds of parties on both sides. Resort to notions of objective intent and formalities replace trueness to the freedom of the actual parties. 3. Legal rights stunt peoples imagination and mystify people about how law really works. The very language of a right, like the right to freedom of contract, appeals to peoples genuine desires for personal autonomy and social solidarity, and yet masks the extent to which the social order makes both values elusive, rite barb Gabel and Jay Fineman, in Contract Law as Ideology, in The Politics of Law 496,498 (David Kairys, ed. , third edition, Basic Books New York 1998). Contract law in fact works to inter the coercive system of relationships with widespread wickedness in contemporary market-based societies. The system of rights renders invisible the persistent functional roles such as landlord, tenant, employer, and individual consumer of products produced by multinational conglomerates, that themselves reflect w idely disparate degrees of economic and political power.Contract law is a significant feature in the massive denial of experiences of impotence and isolation and the apology for the system producing such experiences. Similar points can be made about other areas of law. Property rights, for example, imply promotion of individual freedom and security, and yet owners property rights are precisely the justification afforded to the control of others and arbitrary discretion to wreak massacre over the lives of tenants, workers, and neighbors.Contract law artificially constrains analysis by focusing n a decided promise and a discrete act of reliance rather than complex and often diffuse communication theory and inevitable reliance by people on others than. Courts and legislatures recognize to some extent the power of these real features of peoples lives but the language of legal rules often leads decision makers to feel powerless to act on such recognition. Workers at a U. S. stain de termine in Youngstown, Ohio and their lawyers tried to buy the plant after the club announced plans to close it.Federal trial and appellate judges acknowledged that the plant was the lifeblood of the community but nonetheless concluded that contract and property law provided no basis for preventing the company either from shutting down the plant or refusing to negotiate to sell it to the workers. Local 1330, United Steel Workers v. United States Steel Corp. 631 F. 2d 1264 (6th Cir. 1980). Gabel and Feinman conclude it was not the law that restrained the judges, but their own beliefs in the ideology of law.By recognizing the possibilities of social responsibility and solidarity that are immanent in the doctrine of reliance, they could have both provided the workers a remedy and helped to move contract law in a direction that would better align the legal ideals of freedom, equality, and community with the realization of these ideals in everyday life. Id. ,at 509. But the ideology of law made the judges feel they could not do so. more reading Staughton Lynd, the fight Against Shutdowns Youngstowns Steel Mill Closings (Single Jack Books San Pedro, CA 1982) Joseph William Singer, The Reliance Interest in Property, 40 Stanford Law Rev. 11 (1988) Conventional rights discourse reflects and produces isolated individualism and hinders social solidarity and genuine human connection. The individualism pervading American law calls for the making of a sharp distinction between ones interests and those of others, combined with the belief that a preference in conduct for ones own interests is legitimate, but that one should be willing to measure the rules that make it possible to coexist with others similarly self-interested. The form of conduct associated with individualism is self-reliance.This means an insistence on defining and achieving objectives without help from others (i. e. , without being dependent on them or asking sacrifices of them. Duncan Kennedy, Form and Substance in Private Law Adjudication, 89 Harv. L. Rev. 1685(1976). As implemented in law, individualism means that there are some areas within which actors (whether actual individuals or groups) have total arbitrary discretion to pursue their own ends without regard to the impact of their actions on others.A legal right evokes the idea of a domain protected by law within which the individual is free to do as he or she pleases, and the arrangements ensuring that freedom are fair, neutral, and equitable. Judges must facilitate private ordering and avoid regulating or imposing their own values on the aggregate of individual choices. The state thereby polices all boundary crossings by private individuals and contributes to the pretense that individual, private, self-interested values are all that matter. Yet people need others as much as they need their own freedom.Altruism has grow as deep as individualism, and altruism urges sacrifice, sharing, cooperation, and attention to others. Rights help people deny the equal towboat of individual freedom and social solidarity on peoples hearts and assert that legal rules resolve the tension by assuring that people relate to one another through the recognition and respect for each others separate, bounded spheres of self-interest. Yet this very mode of thinking renders it more difficult for individuals and for the legal system to act upon altruism, social cooperation, and relationships of generosity, reciprocity, and sacrifice.The legal structure of rules, and the abstracted roles (owner, employee etc. ) upon which it depends makes it more likely that people feel helpless to counteract existing hierarchies of wealth and privilege or any comprehend unfairness. Robert Gordon explains This process of allowing the structures we ourselves have built to mediate relations among us so as to make us see ourselves as performing abstract roles in a play that is produced by no human agency is what is usually called (following Marx and such modern writers as Sartre and Lukacs) reification.It is a way people have of manufacturing sine qua non they build structures, then act as if (and genuinely come to believe that) the structures they have built are determined by history, human nature, and economic law. Robert Gordon, Some Critical Theories of law and Their Critics, in the Politics of Law 650 (David Kairys, ed. , third edition, Basic Books New York 1998). Rights discourse actually can impede genuine democracy and justice. Rights discourse contributes to passivity, alienation, and a sense of inevitability about the way things are.Even when relatively powerless groups win a legal victory, the rights involved can impede progressive social change. The victory may make those who won it complacent while galvanizing their opponents to do all they can to minimize the effects of the ruling. Conflicting rights or alternative interpretations of the same rights are always available. Conservatives can deploy the indeter minacy of rights for their benefit. Using the language of rights reinforces the individualistic ideology and claims of absolute power within individuals spheres of action that must be undermined if progressive social change is to become more possible.The language of rights perpetuates the misconception that legal argument is independent of political argument and social movements. Through rights language, those in power often grant strategic concessions of limits sets of rights to co-opt genuinely radix social movements. Progressives who use the language of rights thus lend support to the ideology they must oppose. With the notable exception of Roberto Unger, who has proposed an alternative regime with immunity rights, destabilization rights, market rights, and solidarity rights, most critical legal scholars argue that rights do not advance and may impede political and social change.Rights are indeterminate and yet conceal the actual operations of power and human yearnings for conne ction and mutual aid. Contemporary legal and constitutional practice are less likely to provide avenues for challenging unfair social and economic hierarchies than political movements, and a focus on law reform can divert and disengage those political movements. Criticism There is some element of truth in this theory, but difficult to believe that all rights enjoyed by people in a state are true to rules and traditions. Human society is dynamic and the custom change from time to time and from place to place.Rights correspond the different stages in the evolution of human society. Rights enjoyed people in a capitalist society, for example, are different from the enjoyed by people in a feudalistic society. There can be no unanimity opinion as to what historical rights are. Laski says, We do not mean by rights the grant of some his conditions possessed in the childhood of the race, but lost in the pr of time. Few theories have done greater harm to philosophy, or m violence to facts, than the notion that they represent the recovery of a inheritance. There is no golden age to which we may seek to return. References